Umzekelo wombuzo wengxoxo malunga noxinzelelo lwe-Osmotic of Solutions

Umzekelo wombuzo wengxoxo malunga noxinzelelo lwe-Osmotic lwezisombululo

I-Pendahuluan

Uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic luyinto ebalulekileyo kwikhemistri nakwibhayoloji. Luxinzelelo olufunekayo ukuthintela ukuhamba kwamanzi kwi-membrane engakwazi ukungena ukusuka kwisisombululo soxinzelelo oluphantsi ukuya kwisisombululo soxinzelelo oluphezulu. Ukuqonda uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic kubalulekile kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza, ezifana neenkqubo zebhayoloji kwiiseli, unyango lwamanzi, kunye noyilo lwamayeza. Ukuze sicacise le ngcamango ngokucacileyo, siza kuxoxa ngemizekelo emininzi yeengxaki kunye nezisombululo ezinxulumene noxinzelelo lwe-osmotic lwezisombululo.

Umbuzo 1: Ukubala uxinzelelo lwe-Osmotic lwesisombululo seswekile

Umbuzo:
Iigram ezimbini ze-sucrose (C12H22O11) zinyibilika emanzini ukuze zenze ivolumu ye-500 mL. Ingakanani ingcinezelo ye-osmotic yesi sicombululo kwi-25°C? (Sebenzisa i-R = 0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1 kunye nobunzima be-molar ye-sucrose = 342 g/mol).

IsiPembahasan:

1. Bala ubuninzi besisombululo:

I-Molarity (M) = \( \dfrac{\text{Inani lee-moles ze-solute}}{\text{Umthamo wesisombululo kwiilitha}} \)

Inani lee-moles ze-sucrose = \( \dfrac{2 \text{ g}}{342 \text{ g/mol}} \) = 0.00585 mol

Umthamo wesisombululo = 500 mL = 0.5 L

I-Molarity (M) = \( \dfrac{0.00585 \text{ mol}}{0.5 \text{ L}} \) = 0.0117 M

2. Ukubala uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic:

Uxinzelelo lwe-Osmotic (π) = MRT

Apho:
M = 0.0117 mol/L
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 25°C = 298 K (kuba ubushushu kufuneka bube kwiKelvin)

π = (0.0117 mol/L)(0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)(298 K)

π = 0.286 atm

Ngoko ke, uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic lwesisombululo se-sucrose yi-0.286 atm.

Umbuzo 2: Uxinzelelo lwe-Osmotic lwesisombululo se-Electrolyte

Umbuzo:
Ithini ingcinezelo ye-osmotic yesisombululo se-NaCl enoxinzelelo lwe-0.2 M kubushushu obungama-27°C? (Kuyaziwa ukuba i-NaCl yi-electrolyte eyahlukana ngokupheleleyo ibe yi-Na+ kunye ne-Cl- kunye ne-R = 0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)

IsiPembahasan:

1. Bala inqanaba lokuhlukana:

I-NaCl → I-Na+ + I-Cl-

Ekubeni iNaCl yahlukene ngokupheleleyo, inani lilonke lamasuntswana kwisisombululo liphindwe kabini kuneemole zeNaCl.

Inani lilonke lamasuntswana = 2 × inani lee-moles ze-NaCl

2. Ukubala uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic:

Uxinzelelo lwe-Osmotic (π) = iMRT

Apho:
i = 2 (kuba kukho iintlobo ezimbini zee-ion, i-Na+ kunye ne-Cl-)
M = 0.2 mol/L
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 27°C = 300 K

π = (2)(0.2 mol/L)(0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)(300 K)

π = 9.852 atm

Ngoko ke, uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic lwesisombululo se-0.2 M NaCl kwi-27°C yi-9.852 atm.

Umbuzo 3: Uxinzelelo lwe-Osmotic kwiZisombululo zeGlucose kunye neFructose

Umbuzo:
Isisombululo senziwa ngokunyibilikisa i-mole e-1 yeglucose (C6H12O6) kunye ne-mole e-1 yefructose (C6H12O6) kwilitha e-1 yamanzi. Ingakanani uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic lwesisombululo kwi-37°C? (Sebenzisa i-R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1)

IsiPembahasan:

1. Bala inani lilonke lee-moles:

Inani lilonke lee-moles = i-mole e-1 yeglucose + i-mole e-1 ye-fructose = ii-moles ezi-2

2. Ukubala uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic:

Uxinzelelo lwe-Osmotic (π) = MRT

Apho:
M = 2 mol/L (kuba kukho iimole ezi-2 zizonke kwilitha e-1 yamanzi)
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 37°C = 310 K

π = (2 mol/L)(0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)(310 K)

π = 50.942 atm

Ngoko ke, uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic lwesisombululo esine-mole e-1 yeglucose kunye ne-mole e-1 ye-fructose kwilitha e-1 yamanzi kwi-37°C yi-50.942 atm.

Umbuzo 4: Umxube weZinto ezimbini ezingezizo ii-Electrolyte

Umbuzo:
Luthini uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic lomxube oquka i-0.5 mol ye-urea (CO(NH2)2) kunye ne-0.5 mol ye-ethanol (C2H5OH) kwilitha e-1 yamanzi kwi-20°C? (R = 0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)

IsiPembahasan:

1. Bala inani lilonke lee-moles kwisisombululo:

Inani lilonke lee-moles = 0.5 mol urea + 0.5 mol ethanol = 1 mol

2. Ukubala uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic:

Uxinzelelo lwe-Osmotic (π) = MRT

Apho:
M = 1 mol/L (kuba kukho iimole ezi-1 zizonke kwilitha e-1 yamanzi)
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 20°C = 293 K

π = (1 mol/L)(0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)(293 K)

π = 24.0633 atm

Ngoko ke, uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic lomxube oqulethe i-0.5 mol ye-urea kunye ne-0.5 mol ye-ethanol kwilitha e-1 yamanzi kwi-20°C yi-24.0633 atm.

Ukuqukumbela

Ukusuka kumzekelo wengxaki engentla, singayiqonda indlela yokubala uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo. Uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic luchaphazeleka zizinto ezifana noxinzelelo lwesisombululo, uhlobo lwe-solute (i-electrolyte okanye i-non-electrolyte), kunye nobushushu. Uhlalutyo lwemathematika olusemva koxinzelelo lwe-osmotic luxhomekeke kwimigaqo esisiseko echazwe ngumthetho wegesi ofanelekileyo. Ngokuqonda kakuhle le ngcamango, singayisebenzisa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzayo kwikhemistri nakwibhayoloji.