Ingcamango Yokujikeleza Komhlaba Nempembelelo Yawo Kwimozulu
Ukujikeleza komhlaba yenye yezona ntshukumo ziphambili ezibumba ubomi kule planethi. Ngaphandle kokujikeleza, iipateni zemini nobusuku bezingayi kubakho njengoko sizazi, kwaye amandla omoya ebeya kwahluka kakhulu. Kwijografi nakwimozulu, ukujikeleza komhlaba akusiyo nje uMhlaba "ojikeleza kwi-axis yawo," kodwa kukwachaphazela indlela yomoya, ukwakheka kwamafu, ukujikeleza kolwandle, kunye neepateni zemozulu zemihla ngemihla nezexesha lonyaka. Eli nqaku lixoxa ngethiyori yokujikeleza komhlaba, ubungqina bawo, kunye nempembelelo yawo kwimozulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Ukuqonda Ukujikeleza Komhlaba
Ukujikeleza komhlaba kukujikeleza koMhlaba kwi-axis yawo (i-axis eqikelelweyo edibanisa i-North Pole kunye ne-South Pole). Umhlaba ujikeleza ukusuka entshona ukuya empuma. Ngenxa yoko, iLanga libonakala liphuma empuma lize litshone entshona. Ukujikeleza okupheleleyo okukodwa ngokumalunga neLanga kuthatha malunga neeyure ezingama-24 ngokomyinge (iiyure ezingama-23, imizuzu engama-56, kunye nemizuzwana emi-4 ngokumalunga neenkwenkwezi, ezibizwa ngokuba yimini esecaleni, ngelixa usuku oluphakathi lwelanga luziiyure ezingama-24).
Isantya sokujikeleza siyahluka kumphezulu woMhlaba. Kwi-equator, umphezulu woMhlaba uhamba ngokukhawuleza (malunga ne-1.670 km/h), ngelixa kufutshane neepali, isantya sincipha siye phantse kwi-zero. Lo mahluko kwisantya uchaphazela amandla omoya, ingakumbi ukwakheka kwemimoya yehlabathi.
Ithiyori yoKujikeleza koMhlaba: Isakhelo seSayensi kunye noBungqina
Ukuqonda kwanamhlanje ukujikeleza koMhlaba kwavela kwimibono yeenkwenkwezi, ifiziksi, kunye novavanyo. Ngokwesayensi, ukujikeleza koMhlaba kuchazwa ngumgaqo we-inertia (umthetho wokuqala kaNewton): into ehambayo iya kugcina intshukumo yayo ngaphandle kokuba yenziwe ngamandla angaphandle. Umhlaba, njengenxalenye yenkqubo yelanga, ugcina ukujikeleza okuvela kwi-angular momentum yokwakhiwa kwawo kwiibhiliyoni zeminyaka eyadlulayo.
Obunye bobungqina obuphambili bokujikeleza koMhlaba buquka:
1. Utshintsho lwemini nobusuku
Ukujikeleza kubangela ukuba inxalenye yoMhlaba ejonge eLangeni ibone imini, kwaye inxalenye ejonge kude nayo ibone ubusuku. Olu kujikeleza rhoqo lusisiseko sokulinganisa ixesha.
2. Intshukumo ebonakalayo yemihla ngemihla yezinto zasezulwini
Iinkwenkwezi neLanga zibonakala ngathi zihamba esibhakabhakeni ukusuka empuma ukuya entshona. Oku kungenxa yokujikeleza koMhlaba, kungekhona ngenxa yokuba isibhakabhaka sijikeleza thina.
3. Uvavanyo lwe-pendulum lukaFoucault
I-Foucault pendulum ibonisa ukuba i-pendulum plane yokujika kwayo itshintsha indlela kancinci ngokuhamba kwexesha. Olu tshintsho lwenzeka kuba uMhlaba ujikeleza phantsi kwe-pendulum. Kwiipali, utshintsho kwicala lukhawuleza kakhulu.
4. Isiphumo seCoriolis
Ukuphambuka kwicala lokuhamba kwezinto (kuquka nobuninzi bomoya) kumphezulu woMhlaba bubungqina obungangqalanga bokujikeleza. Icala lokuphambuka lahlukile kwi-Hemispheres eseMantla neyaseMzantsi.
5. Imilo yoMhlaba ithe tyaba kwiipali
Ukujikeleza kudala amandla e-centrifugal abangela ukuba uMhlaba uvuthuluke kancinci kwi-equator uze uthambeke kwiipali. Le nto ikwachaphazela nokusasazwa komxhuzulane.
Ubudlelwane Phakathi Kokujikeleza Komhlaba Nemozulu
Imozulu yimeko yomoya kwindawo ethile nexesha elithile, kuquka ubushushu, ukufuma, uxinzelelo lomoya, umoya, amafu, kunye nemvula. Ukujikeleza komhlaba kuchaphazela imozulu ngokuyintloko ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili: ukwakheka komjikelo wemini, impembelelo yeCoriolis kwimimoya, kunye nokusebenzisana nomahluko obushushu belanga.
1. Umjikelo wemihla ngemihla woBushushu kunye noKwakheka koMoya weNdawo
Ukujikeleza komhlaba kudala umjikelo wemini nobusuku obangela ukuba umphezulu woMhlaba ufudumale kwaye uphole ngamaxesha athile. Emini, umhlaba kunye neelwandle zifunxa amandla elanga. Ebusuku, umphezulu ukhupha ubushushu (imitha ye-infrared), kwaye amaqondo obushushu ayehla.
Lo mjikelo ubangela iimeko ezininzi zemozulu zasekuhlaleni, umzekelo:
– Umoya ovuthuzayo womhlaba kunye nomoya wolwandle
Emini, umhlaba ushushu ngokukhawuleza kunolwandle. Umoya ongaphezulu komhlaba unyuka kuba ushushu kwaye ulula, kwaye umoya ovela elwandle uya emhlabeni, wenza umoya wolwandle. Ebusuku, okuchaseneyo kuyinyani: umhlaba uphola ngokukhawuleza, kwaye umoya uhamba ukusuka emhlabeni uye elwandle, wenza umoya womhlaba.
– Ukwakheka kwenkungu kusasa
Ebusuku, ukupholisa umphezulu kunokubangela ukuba umphunga wamanzi ujike ube yinkungu, ingakumbi kwiintlambo okanye kwiindawo ezinomswakama ophezulu.
– Utshintsho kumafu ajikelezayo
Ukufudumeza emini kunokubangela uhlaziyo (convection) olwenza amafu e-cumulus kunye nokuba khona kwemvula yasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezishushu.
Ngaphandle kokujikeleza, bekungayi kubakho sigqi semihla ngemihla esiqhelekileyo njengoko sinjalo ngoku, ngoko ke iipateni zokufudumeza nezokupholisa ziya kwahluka kakhulu kwaye imozulu yendawo ingatshintsha kakhulu.
2. Isiphumo seCoriolis: Isikhokelo soMoya weHlabathi
Enye yezona mpembelelo zibalulekileyo zokujikeleza koMhlaba kwimozulu yimpembelelo yeCoriolis, ekukuphambuka komoya ngenxa yokujikeleza koMhlaba. Ngokubanzi:
– Kwi-hemisphere esemantla, intshukumo yomoya ijikwa iye ngasekunene.
– Kwi-hemisphere esemazantsi, intshukumo yomoya ijikwa iye ekhohlo.
Isiphumo seCoriolis sibalulekile ekwakhiweni kweenkqubo zomoya zehlabathi ezifana nezi:
– Imimoya yorhwebo
Xa ivuthuza isuka kwiindawo ezishushu ukuya kwi-equator, le mimoya ayihambi ngendlela ethe ngqo, kodwa iyajika, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umoya wasempuma ube namandla kwiindawo ezishushu.
– Imimoya yaseNtshona (entshona)
Ivuthuza ukusuka kwiindawo ezishushu ukuya kwiindawo eziphakathi, le mimoya idlala indima enkulu kwimozulu kwiindawo ezishushu, ibangela iinkqubo zangaphambili kunye nezivuthuvuthu.
– Iintaba-moya ezikwincam yelanga
Ivela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kwaye ichaphazela ukwakheka komoya obandayo.
Ngaphandle kwempembelelo yeCoriolis, imimoya ibiya kuhamba ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kwiindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu ukuya kwiindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphantsi, kwaye ukujikeleza komoya wehlabathi bekuya kuba lula kakhulu kodwa kunokubangela iimeko zemozulu ezahlukeneyo.
3. Ukujikeleza kunye nokwakheka kweeNkanyamba, iiNkanyamba, kunye neeVortexes zoMoya
Ukujikeleza komhlaba kukwachaphazela indlela ekujikeleza ngayo iinkqubo ezinoxinzelelo oluphantsi ezifana neenkanyamba zasetropiki kunye neenkanyamba. Umoya uhamba ujikeleze embindini woxinzelelo oluphantsi, kodwa ngenxa yesiphumo seCoriolis, ukuhamba kwawo kwenza ipatheni ejikelezayo:
– Iinkanyamba ezikumntla we-hemisphere zijikeleza ngokuchasene newotshi.
– Iinkanyamba ezikumzantsi wehlabathi zijikeleza ngokwewotshi.
Le ndlela ibalulekile ekuqondeni iindlela zesaqhwithi, ukusasazwa kwemvula, kunye neendawo ezichaphazeleka kakhulu yimimoya enamandla. Ukujikeleza komhlaba kunceda "ukucwangcisa" intshukumo yomoya, okuvumela izivunguvungu ukuba zikhule zibe ziinkqubo ezizinzileyo nezinkulu. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kwizikali ezincinci kakhulu (umz., amanzi kwisinki), indlela eya kuyo i-vortex ayisoloko imiselwa yimpembelelo yeCoriolis, njengoko izinto zasekuhlaleni zinamandla ngakumbi.
4. Impembelelo yokujikeleza kwiMisinga yoLwandle kunye neMozulu
Imozulu ayichatshazelwa yimo engqongileyo kuphela kodwa ikwachatshazelwa naziilwandle. Ukujikeleza komhlaba kuchaphazela imisinga yolwandle ngesiphumo seCoriolis kunye nokwakheka kweepateni zokujikeleza kolwandle (iigyres). Imisinga yolwandle ithwala ubushushu obuvela kwiindawo ezishushu ukuya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kwaye ngokuchaseneyo, ngaloo ndlela ichaphazela ubushushu bomoya kunye neepateni zemvula emhlabeni.
Umzekelo, imisinga efudumeleyo inokunyusa ukufuma kwaye inyuse ukubonelelwa komphunga wamanzi emoyeni, nto leyo eyonyusa amathuba okuba amafu nemvula zikhule. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imisinga ebandayo ingazinzisa umoya kwaye icinezele ukwakheka kwamafu emvula kwiindawo ezithile ezikunxweme.
5. Indawo yoXinzelelo kunye noLungiselelo lweBhanti yeMvula
Ukujikeleza komhlaba kunxibelelana nomahluko ekufudumaleni kwelanga phakathi kwe-equator kunye neepali. Lo mahluko wenza iibhanti ezinkulu zoxinzelelo kunye nokujikeleza kwegazi ezifana neHadley Cell, iFerrel Cell, kunye nePolar Cell. Kule nkqubo, ummandla we-equator ngokubanzi unoxinzelelo oluphantsi kunye nomoya onyukayo, okwenza iindawo ezinemvula rhoqo kunye nokufuma. Enye impembelelo kukwakheka kwendawo yokuhlangana kwe-intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), edlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimozulu yetropiki, kuquka nase-Indonesia.
Ukuqukumbela
Ithiyori yokujikeleza koMhlaba ichaza ukujikeleza koMhlaba kwi-axis yawo njengentshukumo ezinzileyo, engqinwe ziziganeko ezahlukeneyo zomzimba nezeenkwenkwezi, ezifana ne-Foucault pendulum, intshukumo ebonakalayo yezidalwa zasezulwini, kunye nefuthe leCoriolis. Impembelelo yayo kwimozulu inkulu: ukujikeleza kudala imijikelo yobushushu yemihla ngemihla eqhuba imimoya yasekuhlaleni, iqondise iipateni zomoya wehlabathi, inceda ekwakhiweni kweenkanyamba kunye neenkanyamba, ichaphazela imisinga yolwandle, kwaye ibumba iindawo zoxinzelelo kunye neebhanti zemvula kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuqonda ukujikeleza koMhlaba kuthetha ukuqonda "injini" esisiseko eqhuba umoya, esivumela ukuba siqikelele ngcono kwaye sitolike utshintsho lwemozulu lwemihla ngemihla.
Ukuba uyathanda, ndingongeza icandelo elikhethekileyo malunga nempembelelo yokujikeleza koMhlaba kwimozulu e-Indonesia (umz., ulwalamano lwayo nemimoya yemvula, i-ITCZ, kunye neepatheni zemvula zengingqi).
