Uhlalutyo lweeNgcinga eziSiseko ze-Archaeology yangaphambi kweMbali ekuqondeni ubomi babantu bamandulo
I-prehistoric archaeology lisebe le-archaeology elifunda ubomi babantu ngaphambi kweerekhodi ezibhaliweyo. Ngenxa yokungabikho kwemithombo yembali yombhalo, i-prehistoric archaeology ixhomekeke kubungqina obuphathekayo obushiywe ngabantu bamandulo, njengezixhobo zamatye, amathambo okutya, amathambo, iindawo zokuhlala, kunye neempawu zeendawo abahlala kuzo. Ngohlalutyo lwesayensi lwezi ziphumo, i-archaeologists inokwakha umfanekiso wendlela abantu bamandulo abasinda ngayo, bazivumelanisa ngayo, baza babumba inkcubeko yabo. Eli nqaku lixoxa ngeengcamango ezisisiseko ze-prehistoric archaeology kunye nendima yayo ekuqondeni ubomi babantu bamandulo ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo ngakumbi.
1. Uhlobo lwe-Archaeology yangaphambi kwembali: Ukuhlola ixesha ngaphandle kokubhala
Ngokwengcamango, imbali yangaphambi kwexesha lixesha ngaphambi kokuba abantu bazi inkqubo yokubhala okanye bashiye amaxwebhu abhaliweyo. Imida yembali yangaphambi kwexesha yahluka ngokwemimandla, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ukubhala kwaqala nini. Ke ngoko, imbali yangaphambi kwexesha igxila kungekuphela nje kwixesha "lakudala kakhulu" kodwa nakwixesha "elingenambhalo". Kule meko, imbali yamandulo isebenza njengendlela yokwakha kwakhona imbali yenkcubeko ngezinto zakudala (izinto ezenziwe ngabantu), izinto eziphilayo (intsalela yendalo okanye yebhayoloji enxulumene nomsebenzi womntu), iimpawu (izakhiwo ezingenakushukunyiswa ezifana neenkuni okanye imingxuma), kunye neendawo (iindawo zomsebenzi womntu).
Uhlalutyo lwangaphambi kwembali lufuna ubuchule bokufunda "ulwimi lwezinto." Iqhekeza lelitye elibonakala lilula linokugcina ulwazi malunga netekhnoloji, ezoqoqosho, ukuhambahamba, kwaneenkqubo zokufunda ngaphakathi kwamaqela abantu bamandulo . Ngoko ke, i-prehistoric archaeology ayisiyonto nje yokwemba, kodwa yinkqubo yokutolika eqhutywa yidatha.
2. Ingcamango yeNkcubeko yezinto ezibonakalayo : Izinto njengeempawu zokuziphatha
Eyona ngcamango iphambili kwi-archaeology yamandulo yinkcubeko yezinto eziphathekayo, oko kukuthi, indlela abantu abavakalisa ngayo iimfuno zabo, amaxabiso abo, nolwazi lwabo ngezinto. Inkcubeko yezinto eziphathekayo ayithathi cala; yimiphumo yokukhetha, imikhwa, kunye nezakhono. Umzekelo, ukukhetha ilitye elithile lesixhobo (chert, obsidian, andesite) kubonisa ulwazi lwabantu bokuqala malunga neempawu zezinto ezibonakalayo: ubukhali, ubunzima, ukuguquguquka, okanye ukuthwaleka.
Ngokufunda imo, ubungakanani, iindlela zokwenza izinto, kunye neempawu zokusetyenziswa, iingcali zezinto zakudala zinokumisela umsebenzi wesixhobo: ukusika inyama, ukuxobula, ukulungisa imithi, okanye ukulima izityalo. Uhlalutyo lwenkcubeko yezinto eziphathekayo lukwanceda ekuchongeni amasiko etekhnoloji adluliselwe kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana, okusivumela ukuba sivavanye ubunzima bolwazi kunye nolungelelwaniso lwentlalo.
3. I-Stratigraphy kunye neMeko: Indawo yeZinto eziFundiweyo imisela intsingiselo
Enye yemigaqo esisiseko ye-archaeology yimeko-bume. Izinto zangaphambi kwembali azinakutolikwa ngokufanelekileyo ngaphandle kokujonga indawo yazo kunye nobudlelwane bendawo nexesha. Kulapho i-stratigraphy iba yinto ebalulekileyo khona: iileya ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba zirekhoda ulandelelwano lweziganeko. Izinto ezifunyenweyo kwiileya ezinzulu zihlala zindala kunezo zingaphezulu kwazo (umgaqo we-superposition), nangona oku kufuneka kuvavanywe kuba umhlaba unokuphazamiseka ziingcambu, izilwanyana, izikhukula, okanye imisebenzi yabantu elandelayo.
Umxholo ukwabandakanya unxulumano phakathi kwezinto ezifunyenweyo. Izixhobo zamatye ezifunyenwe ecaleni kwamathambo ezilwanyana kunye namatye omlilo zibonelela ngezikhokelo zemisebenzi yokuzingela nokupheka kwindawo ethile. Ukuba isixhobo esifanayo sifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, izazi zakudala zinokuthelekisa iipatheni zokusasaza ukuze ziphinde zibone ukuhambahamba, iindlela zokufuduka, okanye iinethiwekhi zokutshintshiselana.
4. Ukuthandana: Ukubeka Ubomi Bamandulo Kwixesha Elithile
Ukuze uqonde ubomi babantu bamandulo , i-prehistoric archaeology ifuna ulandelelwano lwexesha. Ukuthandana kwahlulwe kabini: ukuthandana kunye nokungapheleli. Ukuthandana okunxulumeneyo kusebenzisa i-stratigraphy, ukuthelekisa iimilo zezinto zakudala (uhlobo), kunye nolwalamano phakathi kweendawo. Okwangoku, ukuthandana okungqalileyo kusebenzisa iindlela zesayensi ezifana ne-radiocarbon (C-14) kwizinto eziphilayo, ukukhanya (OSL/TL) kwizinto ezimdaka okanye iiseramikhi, kunye ne-argon-argon kwizinto zakudala zentaba-mlilo.
Ngomgca wexesha ocacileyo, utshintsho lwenkcubeko lunokuqondwa ngokuguquguqukayo: xa kwaqala ukusetyenziswa izixhobo ezithile zamatye, xa iipatheni zokuhlala zatshintsha ukusuka ekubeni ngabantu abaqhelekileyo ukuya ekubeni ngabantu abaqhelekileyo, okanye xa abantu baqala ukuphuhlisa iimpawu kunye nezithethe. Ulandelelwano lwexesha lunceda ekuphenduleni imibuzo esisiseko: nokuba utshintsho lwenzeka kancinci kancinci (ukuguquka kwenkcubeko) okanye lubangelwa ziziganeko ezikhawulezayo ezifana neentlekele zemvelo kunye nokufuduka okukhulu.
5. Ukuziqhelanisa nokuphila: Indlela Abantu Bamandulo Abasinda Ngayo
Enye ingcamango ebalulekileyo kukuphila, icebo lomntu lokufumana ukutya kunye nezixhobo. Uhlalutyo lweentsalela zezilwanyana (i-zooarchaeology) kunye neentsalela zezityalo (i-archaeobotany) lubonisa ukuba abantu bokuqala babezingela izilwanyana ezinkulu, babeloba, beqokelela iintlanzi, besebenzisa iityhubhu, okanye baqala ukulima izityalo. Iimpawu ezisikiweyo emathanjeni zinokubonisa iindlela zokuxhela, ukwahlulwa kwenyama, okanye ukucutshungulwa komongo.
I-archaeology yangaphambi kwembali ikwavavanya ukuziqhelanisa kwabantu nokusingqongileyo. Ukusebenza emiqolombeni, kwiindawo eziphantsi kwamanzi, elunxwemeni lomlambo, okanye emathafeni avulekileyo kunemiphumo eyahlukileyo kwingozi, kwimithombo yamanzi, nasekufikeleleni kokutya. Utshintsho kwizixhobo—umzekelo, iintloko zeentolo, izembe zesandla, izixhobo ze-flake, okanye izixhobo zamathambo—kunokubonakalisa utshintsho kwizicwangciso zokuzingela kunye netekhnoloji ngokweemeko zemozulu kunye nokufumaneka kwezixhobo.
6. Ubuchwepheshe kunye noBuchule: Ukusuka kwiZixhobo zeLitye ukuya kwiiNkqubo eziphilayo
Ubuchwepheshe bangaphambi kokubhalwa kwembali babungengobuchule bokwenza izixhobo kuphela, kodwa yayiluhlelo lolwazi oluquka ukukhethwa kwezinto, iindlela zokwenza (ukubetha ngqo, uxinzelelo, ukusika), kunye neendlela zokusebenzisa. Uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji—ukusuka kwizixhobo ezilula neziphambili ukuya kwezona zikhethekileyo—luhlala lunxulunyaniswa nokwanda kwamandla okuqonda, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nobunzulu bonxibelelwano loluntu.
Ngaphaya kwezixhobo zamatye, izinto ezintsha zazibonakala nasekusetyenzisweni komlilo, ekulungisweni kokutya, ekwenziweni kwezinto zokuncamathelisa (i-resin okanye i-gum), kunye nokuvela kwezixhobo ezenziwe ngamathambo neempondo. Nezinto ezibonakala ngathi "zincinci" ezifana neepateni ezilungisiweyo kwizixhobo ze-flake zinokubonisa ucwangciso olukhulu kunye nomgangatho wemveliso.
7. Ulungelelwaniso lweNtlalo kunye neMifuziselo: Ulwakhiwo lokufunda ukusuka kwiMikhondo yasekhohlo
Nangona kunzima, izinto zakudala zamandulo zifuna ukuqonda ulungelelwaniso lwentlalo lwabantu bokuqala. Ubungakanani bendawo, ukusasazwa kweempawu, kunye nohlobo lwezinto zakudala kunokubonisa ukwahlulwahlulwa kwabasebenzi, iindima zesini , okanye ulwakhiwo lweqela. Umzekelo, ukubakho kweendawo ezizinikeleyo zokusebenza ngamatye, iindawo zokupheka, kunye neendawo zokulahla inkunkuma kubonisa ulawulo lwendawo.
Ngaphezu koko, ubungqina beempawu—ezifana nokungcwatywa ngezinto ezingcwatywe emangcwabeni, ubucwebe beqokobhe, ipeyinti ye-ocher, okanye ubugcisa bodonga—bubonisa indlela yokucinga engacacanga kunye neenkqubo zokukholelwa. Ukungcwatywa kwakungekuko nje ukulahla umzimba, kodwa yayisenzo sentlalo esinentsingiselo, njengentlonipho, ubuwena beqela, okanye iingcamango malunga nokufa.
8. Indlela yokusebenzisana kwezifundo ezahlukeneyo: Xa i-Archaeology idibana nezinye iiSayensi
I-archaeology yamandulo yanamhlanje ixhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela yokusebenzisana kwezifundo ezahlukeneyo. I-Geology inceda ekutolikeni iinkqubo zokwakheka kwendawo kunye notshintsho lwendalo. I-Biology kunye ne-physical anthropology zinceda ukuqonda ukuvela komntu, ubudala, isini, impilo, kunye neendlela zokusetyenziswa ngokusebenzisa uhlalutyo lwamathambo kunye ne-isotope. I-Chemistry kunye ne-physics zixhasa iindlela zokuthandana kunye nohlalutyo lokwakheka kwezinto.
Le ndlela yomeleza utoliko: ayitsho nje ukuba “kukho izixhobo zamatye”, kodwa ichaza ukuba ngubani owazisebenzisayo, nini, ngayiphi injongo, kwaye phantsi kweziphi iimeko zokusingqongileyo.
Ukuqukumbela
Iingcamango ezisisiseko zezinto zakudala—inkcubeko yezinto eziphathekayo, umxholo kunye nokwakheka kwesakhiwo, ukuthandana, ukuziphilisa, ukuziqhelanisa, iteknoloji, ulungelelwaniso lwentlalo, kunye nendlela yokusebenzisana kwezifundo ezahlukeneyo—zisisiseko sokuqonda ubomi bomntu bokuqala. Ngobungqina bezinto eziphathekayo obuhlala buqhekekile, izinto zakudala zakha ibali leengxaki zabantu nendalo, ukuphuhlisa iteknoloji, ukuseka ubudlelwane bentlalo, kunye nokudala intsingiselo yomfuziselo. Ekugqibeleni, ukufunda imbali yangaphambi kwembali akufumanisi nje kuphela ixesha elidlulileyo kodwa kusinceda siqonde iingcambu zokuziphatha kwabantu banamhlanje: indlela esaba "ngabantu" ngayo ngenkqubo ende yokuguquka kwenkcubeko kunye nokuziqhelanisa.
