Iingcamango zeNkcubeko ezidumileyo kwi-Anthropology
Inkcubeko ethandwayo ibe yinto ebalulekileyo kwizifundo zanamhlanje ze-anthropology. Imele uluhlu olubanzi lweziganeko ezichaphazela kwaye ziphenjelelwa luluntu ngokubanzi, inkcubeko ethandwayo ibandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lwezifundo, kubandakanya umculo, iifilimu, imfashini, imidlalo yevidiyo, imidiya yoluntu, nokunye. Kweli nqaku, siza kuhlola ezinye zeengcamango eziphambili kwi-anthropology ezisetyenziselwa ukuqonda nokuhlalutya iziganeko zenkcubeko ethandwayo.
1. Ithiyori yoBukhosi kunye neNkcubeko edumileyo
Enye yeengcamango eziphambili ekuqondeni inkcubeko ethandwayo yithiyori yobukhosi eyaziswa ngu-Antonio Gramsci. Ngokutsho kukaGramsci, ubukhosi yinkqubo apho iqela elithile lentlalo lilawula amanye amaqela, kungekuphela nje ngamandla kodwa nangokuvuma kunye nempembelelo yembono. Kwimeko yenkcubeko ethandwayo, ithiyori yobukhosi ichaza indlela inkcubeko elawulayo egcina ngayo amandla ayo ngokulawula imveliso kunye nokusasazwa kwenkcubeko.
Inkcubeko ethandwayo idla ngokulawulwa ngamaqela aphakamileyo anamandla okuchaza imigangatho yenkcubeko kunye nemilinganiselo ethathwa njengesebenzayo. Umzekelo, amashishini amakhulu okuzonwabisa afana neHollywood anempembelelo enkulu kwinto ethathwa "njengethandwayo" kwihlabathi liphela. Iimveliso zenkcubeko eziveliswa ngala maqela aphakamileyo azigcini nje ngokuzonwabisa kodwa zisasaza nemilinganiselo ethile kunye neengcamango ezihambelana nomdla wazo.
2. Ithiyori kaMarxian kunye neNkcubeko yabathengi
UKarl Marx wacebisa ukuba uluntu lubunjwe ziindlela zalo zoqoqosho, kwaye ukuba iindlela ezisemgangathweni zembono, kuquka nenkcubeko, ziyindlela yokubonakalisa ezo ziseko zoqoqosho. Kwimeko yenkcubeko ethandwayo, ithiyori kaMarxian inika ulwazi malunga nendlela ubukhapitali obuyichaphazela ngayo imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkcubeko.
Kwiindawo ezilawulwa yi-capitalism, inkcubeko ethandwayo idla ngokuthengiswa, apho izinto zenkcubeko ziguqulwa zibe ziimpahla ezithengiswayo. Umculo, iimuvi, imfashini, kwanobuntu benkcubeko buyapakishwa kwaye buthengiswa kubathengi. Le nkqubo yokuthengiswa idla ngokugxininisa ixabiso lokutshintshiselana ngaphezu kwexabiso lokusetyenziswa, nto leyo echaphazela indlela abantu abasebenzisana ngayo kwaye banamava ngayo nenkcubeko ethandwayo.
Iingcali zeMarxian kwi-anthropology nazo zihlolisise ubudlelwane phakathi kwenkcubeko kunye nodidi lwentlalo. Umzekelo, uPierre Bourdieu, ingcali yezentlalo kunye nengcali ye-anthropology, uphuhlise iingcamango 'ze-habitus' kunye 'ne-cultural capital' ukuchaza indlela udidi lwentlalo oluchaphazela ngayo incasa yobuhle bomntu kunye nezenzo zenkcubeko. UBourdieu uphikisa ngelithi izinto ezikhethwayo zenkcubeko azizalwanga, kodwa ziphenjelelwa yimeko-bume yoluntu kunye nezoqoqosho.
3. Ithiyori yePostmodernism kunye nokuQhawuka kweNkcubeko
Ithiyori yePostmodernist inika imbono eyahlukileyo ngenkcubeko ethandwayo ngokugxininisa ubuninzi, ukuqhekeka, kunye nokuchithwa kwamabali amakhulu. IPostmodernist iyayilahla ingcamango yokuba ibali elinye lingachaza lonke amava oluntu. Kwimeko yenkcubeko ethandwayo, oku kuthetha ukuba akukho "nyaniso" okanye "isiqhelo" esinye esinokuchaza inkcubeko ngokwayo.
I-Postmodernism ikwagxininisa ukubaluleka kokulinganisa kunye ne-hyperreality, iingcamango ezaziswa nguJean Baudrillard. UBaudrillard waphikisana ngelithi kuluntu lwasemva kwexesha langoku, imiboniso kunye neempawu zihlala 'ziyinyani' kunenyani ebonakalayo ngokwayo. Umzekelo, inkcubeko yabantu abadumileyo kuluntu lwanamhlanje idla ngokusekwe kakhulu kwimifanekiso kunye nemiboniso yeendaba kunokuba isekelwe kubomi bokwenyani babantu.
Inkcubeko edumileyo kwimeko ye-postmodernism ikwathanda ukuba yeyokukhetha izinto kunye neyokudibanisa izinto, oko kuthetha ukuba izinto ezivela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko nezembali zihlala zidityaniswe kwaye zisetyenziswe kwakhona ngeendlela ezintsha nezimangalisayo. Oku kunokubonwa kwimfashini, kumculo, nakwiindlela zeendaba, ezihlala ziboleka izinto ezivela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kwaye zidibanise zibe yinto entsha neyodwa.
4. Ithiyori yoBufazi kunye neNkcubeko ethandwayo
Ithiyori yobuFeminist kwi-anthropology igxininisa indlela ubudlelwane besini kunye namandla phakathi kwamadoda nabafazi obumelwa kwaye bugcinwa ngayo kwinkcubeko ethandwayo. Inkcubeko ethandwayo idla ngokuba yindawo yokulwa apho iingcamango malunga nesini kunye nesondo ziveliswa khona, zithethelelwane ngazo, kwaye zichatshazelwe.
Abafazi bakudala abafana noSimone de Beauvoir, kunye neengcali zethiyori zanamhlanje ezifana noJudith Butler, baye bahlola indlela iingcamango zesini ezihlala ziqiniswa ngayo ngeendaba ezidumileyo. Ifilimu, umabonwakude, intengiso, kunye neendaba zoluntu zihlala zigcina imifanekiso yendabuko yobudoda kunye nobufazi ethintela iindima zentlalo ezinokuthi zidlalwe ngamadoda nabafazi.
Nangona kunjalo, ithiyori yabasetyhini ikwakhomba amandla enkcubeko ethandwayo njengesixhobo sokuchasana nokuxhobisa. Iinkcubeko ezincinci ezininzi kunye neentshukumo ngaphakathi kwinkcubeko ethandwayo ziphikisana nemigangatho yesini kwaye zidala indawo yokwahluka ngakumbi nokuquka konke ngokwesini. Umculo wePunk, intshukumo yokuzilungisa komzimba, kunye nokumelwa ngokwesini okungengokwabini kwiindaba zeendaba zimbalwa nje zemizekelo yendlela inkcubeko ethandwayo enokuba sisixhobo sokutshintsha kwentlalo.
5. Ithiyori yoBume beHlabathi kunye neNkcubeko eHlanganisiweyo
Ukudibana kwehlabathi yinkqubo yokuhlanganiswa okunzulu kwezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko, kunye nenkcubeko kwihlabathi liphela. Kwimeko yenkcubeko ethandwayo, ukudibana kwehlabathi kudale imeko yenkcubeko exubeneyo, apho izinto ezivela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo zidibana kwaye zichaphazelana.
Ithiyori ye-globalization kwi-anthropology igxininisa indlela olu tshintshiselwano lwenkcubeko oluwela imida oluhlala lungalingani, apho inkcubeko elawulayo yezizwe eziphuhlileyo, njenge-United States, ithanda ukulawula nokuguqula iinkcubeko zasekuhlaleni kumazwe asaphuhlayo. Oku kudla ngokubonwa njengohlobo olutsha lwe-culture colonialism okanye i-cultural imperialism.
Nangona kunjalo, ukudibana kwehlabathi kukwadala amathuba eendalo zenkcubeko ezintsonkothileyo nezixubeneyo. Umzekelo, umculo we-K-pop, odibanisa izinto zomculo waseNtshona kunye nezithethe zomculo zaseKorea, uye waba yinto yehlabathi, ebonisa indlela inkcubeko ethandwayo enokuguquka ngayo kwaye iguquke kwimeko yehlabathi. Omnye umzekelo ziifilimu zaseBollywood, ezibandakanya izinto zaseHollywood ngelixa zigcina ubuwena benkcubeko obahlukileyo.
Ukuqukumbela, iingcamango eziphambili kwi-anthropology ezifana ne-hegemony, ithiyori kaMarxian, i-postmodernism, ubufazi, kunye ne-globalization zibonelela ngezikhokelo ezahlukeneyo nezityebileyo zokuqonda inkcubeko ethandwayo. Ithiyori nganye inika ukuqonda okukhethekileyo malunga nendlela inkcubeko ethandwayo eveliswa ngayo, esetyenziswa ngayo, kwaye iphenjelelwa ngayo ziinguqu zentlalo, ezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko, nezembali. Ngoko ke, uphononongo lwenkcubeko ethandwayo aluboneleli nje kuphela ngokuqonda okunzulu kweziganeko zemihla ngemihla kodwa lukwakhokelela kuhlalutyo olubalulekileyo lwezakhiwo zamandla kunye neenkqubo zotshintsho lwentlalo.
