Ithiyori yokuZivela koLuntu ngokwe-Anthropology
Ukuvela komntu licandelo elibalulekileyo lokufunda kwi-anthropology, icandelo elifunda abantu kunye neenkalo zobomi babo kuyo yonke imbali. Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga nzulu ingcamango yokuvela komntu ngokwembono ye-anthropological, indlela eyavela ngayo, kunye nobungqina obuxhasa le ngcamango.
Intshayelelo: Ukuqonda Okusisiseko Kwethiyori Yokuziphendukela Kwendalo
Ithiyori yokuzivelela kwezinto yithiyori yesayensi ecebisa ukuba zonke iintlobo zobomi eMhlabeni zavela kukhokho omnye ngenkqubo yokukhetha kwendalo ixesha elide kakhulu. Le ngcamango yaqalwa nguCharles Darwin kwincwadi yakhe ethi "On the Origin of Species," eyapapashwa ngo-1859. Nangona kunjalo, xa sithetha ngokuzivelela kwabantu, sithetha ngohambo olude olusithabathe ukusuka kookhokho bethu be-primate ukuya kwi-Homo sapiens yanamhlanje.
Imvelaphi Yomntu: Ukusuka kwiPrimate ukuya kwiHominid
Enye into ebalulekileyo kwingcamango yokuvela komntu kukuqonda ukuba abantu babelana ngookhokho omnye nezinye iiprimates, ezifana neetshimpanzi kunye neegorila. Malunga neminyaka ezizigidi ezisi-7 eyadlulayo, imvelaphi yabantu neyeetshimpanzi yahluka kuokhokho omnye owaziwa ngokuba zii-hominids.
Iingcali ze-anthropology zikholelwa ukuba ukuguquka kwabantu kwaqala ngokuvela kohlobo lwe-hominid olwaziwa ngokuba yi-Australopithecus, olwaluhlala e-Afrika kwiminyaka emalunga nezigidi ezi-4 eyadlulayo. I-Australopithecus afarensis yenye yezona ntlobo zaziwayo kweli qela, kwaye i-fossil yayo edumileyo yi-"Lucy," eyafunyanwa ngo-1974. ULucy wabonisa ukuziqhelanisa okubalulekileyo ne-bipedalism, ethathwa njengenyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuguqukeni kwabantu.
Uphuhliso lweHomo: Ukusuka kwiHomo habilis ukuya kwiHomo sapiens
Emva kwe-Australopithecus, indaleko yaqhubeka kwi-genus Homo, eyabonisa ukwanda okukhulu kobukhulu bobuchopho kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Uhlobo lokuqala kolu hlobo yayiyiHomo habilis, eyayiphila malunga neminyaka eyi-2,4 ukuya kwi-1,4 yezigidi eyadlulayo kwaye yaziwa ngokuba "yingcibi." I-Homo habilis yabonisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezilula zamatye, nto leyo ebonisa ubuchule obuphezulu bokuqonda kunye nezandla kunookhokho bayo.
Okulandelayo, iHomo erectus yavela malunga neminyaka eyi-1,9 yezigidi eyadlulayo kwaye yayiyeyona ntlobo yokuqala eyaziwayo yeHomo eyashiya iAfrika yaza yasasazeka eAsia naseYurophu. IHomo erectus ibonisa ubungqina obuninzi bokuziqhelanisa okufana noko kwabantu banamhlanje, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezintsonkothileyo kunye nobungqina bokusetyenziswa komlilo. Iifosili zeHomo erectus ezidumileyo, kuquka "iTurkana Boy" efunyenwe eKenya, zibonelela ngengqiqo ebalulekileyo malunga nokwakheka kunye nokuziqhelanisa kolu hlobo.
Enye yezinto eziphambili ezenzekayo ekuphuhlisweni koluntu yayikukuvela kwamaHomo neanderthalensis (amaNeanderthal), awayehlala eYurophu nasentshona yeAsia. AmaNeanderthal abonakalise ukuziqhelanisa okumangalisayo nemozulu ebandayo kwaye ayenenkcubeko enzima equka ukwenza izixhobo, ubugcisa, kwaye mhlawumbi nolwimi. Nangona amaHomo neanderthalensis aphela kwiminyaka engama-40.000 eyadlulayo, izifundo zemfuza zibonisa ukuba babelane ngeDNA namaHomo sapiens, nto leyo ebonisa ukusebenzisana kunye nokuzalana phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini.
IiHomo sapiens: Abantu banamhlanje
IiHomo sapiens, uhlobo lwabantu banamhlanje, zavela malunga neminyaka engama-300.000 eyadlulayo eAfrika. Iifosili zeHomo sapiens, ezifana nezo zifunyenwe eMorocco, zibonisa iimpawu zomzimba kunye namandla engqondo afana nalawo abantu banamhlanje. Uphuhliso lwabantu banamhlanje luphawulwa kukukwazi ukunxibelelana ngolwimi oluntsonkothileyo, ubugcisa, inkcubeko, kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji olukhawulezayo.
Ngeli xesha, iiHomo sapiens zaqala ukusasazeka kwihlabathi liphela zaza zathatha indawo okanye zadibana nezinye iintlobo ze-hominid ezifana neeNeanderthals kunye neeDenisovans. Ubungqina bemfuza bubonisa ukuba abantu banamhlanje baphethe inani elincinci le-DNA kuzo zombini iintlobo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba zizalana ngexesha lokufuduka kwasekuqaleni.
Ubungqina Bokuguquka Komntu
Ubungqina bokuvela komntu buvela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-paleontology, i-archaeology, kunye ne-genetics. Iifosili zabantu kunye nezinto zakudala ezifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zibonelela ngengcaciso malunga nendlela ookhokho bethu ababephila ngayo, abahlengahlengisa ngayo izinto, nabaphuhlisa ngayo izinto. Umzekelo, iifosili ezifana no-"Lucy," "Turkana Boy," kunye no-"Neanderthal," phakathi kwezinye, zibonelela ngengcaciso malunga notshintsho lwemo kunye nohlengahlengiso lokusingqongileyo.
I-genetics ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni ukuvela komntu. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela zanamhlanje ezifana nokulandelelana kwe-DNA, izazinzulu zinokulandela imvelaphi yomntu kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-hominid. I-DNA ye-Mitochondrial kunye ne-chromosome ye-Y, umzekelo, zisetyenziselwa ukwakha kwakhona ukufuduka kwabantu kunye nokusebenzisana kwabo kwangaphambili.
Ukufunyanwa kwezixhobo zamatye, ubugcisa, kunye nezinye izinto zakudala kukwabonelela ubungqina bezakhono zokuqonda kunye nenkcubeko yookhokho bethu. Imizobo yemiqolomba enemifanekiso yamandulo, iindawo zokuhlala zakudala, kunye nezixhobo zemihla ngemihla ezifunyenwe ngabembi bezinto zakudala zisinika ulwazi ngobomi bentlalo kunye nenkcubeko yabantu bamandulo.
Impembelelo yeNtlalo neyeFilosofi
Ukuqonda ukuvela komntu kukwanegalelo elikhulu kwindlela esizibona ngayo thina nendawo yethu kwindalo iphela. Ithiyori yokuvela kwezinto iphikisana nombono wokudala oye walawula ingcinga yabantu kangangeenkulungwane kwaye unika ingcaciso esekelwe kubungqina bemvelaphi nophuhliso lomntu.
Nangona kunjalo, kukwakho nempikiswano kunye nengxoxo malunga nefuthe lentlalo kunye nelokuziphatha lethiyori yokuzivelela kwezinto. Imibuzo malunga nobuwena, ukuziphatha, kunye nendima yoluntu kwindalo iphela idla ngokuvela ekucingeni ngale thiyori. Umzekelo, ukuqonda ukuba abantu bavela kwiiprimates kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuba yintoni esenza "sibe ngabantu" kunye nendlela esifanele sisebenzisane ngayo nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Isiphelo: Ukuqhubeka Nokufuna Ulwazi
Ithiyori yokuvela komntu, ngokwe-anthropology, yenye yezona ndawo zinomdla neziguquguqukayo zokufunda. Ubungqina obuhlala bufunyanwa kwiifosili, i-genetics, kunye ne-archaeology bubonelela ngengqiqo entsha malunga nohambo olude lwabantu ukusuka kookhokho be-primate ukuya kwi-Homo sapiens yanamhlanje. Uphando oluqhubekayo kweli candelo alupheleli nje ekusincedeni siqonde imvelaphi yethu kodwa lukwaxabisa ubunzima kunye nokwahluka kwendawo yethu kwindalo iphela.
Ngolwazi esilufumeneyo, sikhuthazwa ukuba siqhubeke sihlola kwaye siphanda ngakumbi ngembali yokuzivelela kwabantu. Ukuqonda ngcono ixesha elidlulileyo lethu kuya kusinceda sicinge ngakumbi ngekamva lethu, kunye nokuphucula inkcubeko yethu kunye nobuntu bethu njengesilwanyana esahlukileyo eMhlabeni.
