Mekhoa ea Puisano ea Mehala ea Thelefono: Ho Fetola Khokahano
Mathoaso a lekholo la bo21 la lilemo a bone phetoho e kholo tseleng eo re buisanang ka eona, e susumetsoang haholo ke phetoho e potlakileng ea litsamaiso tsa puisano tsa mehala ea thekeng. Ho tloha matsatsing a pele a lifono tse kholo tsa thekeng tse nang le mefuta e fokolang le ts'ebetso e fokolang ho isa ho li-smartphone tse rarahaneng tsa kajeno tseo ha e le hantle e leng lik'homphieutha tse tšoaroang ka letsoho, litsamaiso tsa puisano tsa mehala ea thekeng li fetotse tsela eo re hokahanang ka eona le lefats'e. Sehloohong sena, re tla hlahloba nts'etsopele, meralo ea meaho, mahlale le mekhoa ea kamoso litsamaisong tsa puisano tsa mehala ea thekeng tse entseng hore khokahano e joalo e se nang sekoli e khonehe.
Tsoelo-pele ea Mekhoa ea Puisano ea Mehala ea Thelefono
Leeto la litsamaiso tsa puisano tsa mehala ea thekeng le qalile bohareng ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo ka moloko oa pele (1G). Litsamaiso tsena tsa analog, tse hlahisitsoeng lilemong tsa bo-1980, li fane ka puisano ea motheo ea lentsoe empa li ne li aparetsoe ke mefokolo e 'maloa ho kenyeletsoa boleng bo bobe ba lentsoe, bokhoni bo fokolang, le khaello ea ts'ireletso. Ho sa tsotellehe mefokolo ena, 1G e thehile motheo oa tsoelo-pele ea nakong e tlang.
Ho hlaha ha moloko oa bobeli (2G) lilemong tsa bo-1990 ho ile ha tšoaea tsoelo-pele e kholo, ho tloha puisanong ea analog ho ea ho ea dijithale. Mekhoa ea theknoloji e kang GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) le CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) e tloaelehileng ea puisano, boleng ba lentsoe bo ntlafetse, 'me ea hlahisa melaetsa ea mongolo (SMS). Ho feta moo, litsamaiso tsa 2G li kenyelelitse mekhoa ea motheo ea ho patala, e ntlafatsang ts'ireletso ho feta moloko o fetileng.
Meloko e latelang, 3G le 4G, e tlisitse phihlello ea inthanete e atileng haholo ho lisebelisoa tsa mehala ea thekeng, ka 3G e hlahisang lits'ebeletso tsa data ea mehala ea thekeng le ho nolofalletsa lits'ebetso tsa multimedia, le 4G e fanang ka inthanete e potlakileng haholo, e tšehetsa lits'ebetso tse kang ho phallela video ea HD le lipapali tsa inthanete. Ho feta moo, ts'ebetsong ea theknoloji ea LTE (Long Term Evolution) marang-rang a 4G e ntlafalitse haholo sekhahla sa ho lieha le phetisetso ea data.
Meralo ea Mekhoa ea Puisano ea Mehala
Mekhoa ea puisano ea mehala e sebetsa ka meralo e rarahaneng e nang le likarolo tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa. Motheong oa meralo ena ho na le marang-rang a mehala, a ka aroloang ka likarolo tse peli ka bophara: Marang-rang a Phihlello ea Radio (RAN) le Marang-rang a Core.
1. Marangrang a Phihlello ea Seea-le-moea (RAN):
RAN e nolofatsa khokahano pakeng tsa disebediswa tsa mohala le marangrang a mantlha. E kenyeletsa diteishene tsa motheo, di-antenna, le balaodi ba radio. Ditsamaisong tsa sejwalejwale, RAN e sebedisa mahlale a tswetseng pele jwalo ka MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), e nolofalletsang tshebediso e sebetsang ya spectrum le ho ntlafatsa phallo ya data le bokgoni.
2. Marangrang a Motheo:
Netweke ea mantlha e laola data le sephethephethe sa lentsoe, tlhahisoleseling ea ba ngolisitseng, le khokahano ho marang-rang a kantle. Lintho tsa bohlokoa tsa netweke ea mantlha li kenyelletsa Setsi sa ho Fetola Selefouno (MSC), Rejistara ea Sebaka sa Lehae (HLR), Node ea Tšehetso ea GPRS (SGSN), le Node ea Tšehetso ea Gateway GPRS (GGSN). Likarolo tsena li netefatsa phetisetso e se nang sekoli lipakeng tsa lisele, li laola ho tsamaea ha basebelisi, 'me li fana ka tlhahisoleseling ea netefatso le ea ho lefisa.
Mahlale a Bohlokoa Litsamaisong tsa Puisano tsa Mehala ea Sejoale-joale
Mahlale a 'maloa a tsoetseng pele a tšehetsa litsamaiso tsa puisano tsa mehala ea thekeng tsa sejoale-joale, a susumetsa ts'ebetso ea tsona, bokhoni le bokhoni:
1. Mekhoa e mengata ea phihlello:
Mekhoa e mengata ea phihlello e kang FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), le OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) e nolofalletsa basebelisi ba bangata ho arolelana mokhoa o tšoanang oa puisano ntle le tšitiso, ka hona ho eketsa ts'ebeliso ea spectrum e fumanehang.
2. Ho hlahisa mabone le MIMO e Kholo:
Theknoloji ea beamforming e tataisa phetiso ea matšoao ho basebelisi ba itseng ho fapana le ho a phatlalatsa ka mahlakoreng 'ohle, e ntlafatsa matla a matšoao le ho fokotsa tšitiso. MIMO e kholo, e nang le li-antenna tse ngata liteisheneng tsa motheo, e ntlafatsa bokhoni le katleho ea spectrum ka ho sebeletsa basebelisi ba bangata ka nako e le 'ngoe.
3. Marangrang a sa Tšoaneng (HetNets):
HetNets e kopanya lisele tse kholo le lisele tse nyane (tse kang lisele tse nyane, tsa pico, le tsa femto) le libaka tse hotspots tsa Wi-Fi, e leng se netefatsang hore ho na le tšireletso e tsitsitseng le bokhoni libakeng tse fapaneng. Li nolofalletsa ho leka-lekanya mojaro ka katleho le ho ntlafatsa boiphihlelo ba mosebelisi, haholo-holo libakeng tse nang le baahi ba bangata.
4. Kopano ea Kariki:
Ho kopanngoa ha bajari ho kopanya di-frequency tse ngata ho eketsa phallo ya data le ho fumaneha ha bandwidth. Theknoloji ena e bohlokwa haholo ho fokotseng kgaello ya spectrum le ho ntlafatsa tshebetso ya marangrang.
5. Ho Seha Marang-rang:
Ho seha marangrang ho dumella ho thehwa ha marangrang a mangata a sebele hodima motheo o le mong wa mmele, o etseditsweng ho fihlela ditlhoko tse ikgethang tsa kopo. Sena se bohlokwa bakeng sa marangrang a 5G, se amohela maemo a fapaneng a tshebediso ho tloha ho broadband e ntlafetseng ya mohala ho ya ho puisano e tlase ya latedisa e tshepahalang haholo (URLLC) le puisano e kgolo ya mofuta wa mochini (mMTC).
6. Khomphutha ea Edge:
Khomphutha ya Edge e tlisa ts'ebetso ya data haufi le mosebelisi wa ho qetela, e fokotsa lateness le ho ntlafatsa tshebetso ya tshebediso ya nako ya nnete. Sena se bohlokwa bakeng sa ditshebediso tse kang ho kganna ka boikemelo, nnete e ntlafaditsweng (AR), le ditshebeletso tsa Inthanete ya Dintho (IoT).
Mekhoa ea Nakong e Tlang: 5G le ho Feta moo
Ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha marangrang a 5G ho tshwaya mohato o mong wa phetoho ditsamaisong tsa puisano tsa mehala ya thekeng. 5G e tshepisa lebelo le sa lebellwang, bokgoni le phokotso ya nako, e leng se nolofalletsang dikopo le ditshebeletso tse ngata tse ntjha. Dikarolo tsa bohlokwa tsa 5G di kenyeletsa:
1. Broadband e Ntlafaditsweng ya Selefouno (eMBB):
5G eMBB e fana ka litefiso tse phahameng tsa data, ho phallela livideo ntle le mathata, le liphihlelo tse tebileng tsa 'nete e ntlafalitsoeng le ea sebele. E tšehetsa lits'ebetso tse hlokang bandwidth e kholo le khokahano e potlakileng.
2. Puisano e Tlase e Tšepahalang ka ho Fetisisa ea ho Latela ha Nako (URLLC):
URLLC e etselitsoe lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa tse kang opereishene e hole, othomathike ea indasteri, le likoloi tse ikemetseng. E netefatsa ho lieha ho tlase haholo le ts'epo e phahameng, e leng ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea nako ea sebele.
3. Dikgokahano tse Kgolo tsa Mofuta wa Mochini (mMTC):
mMTC e tšehetsa palo e kholo ea lisebelisoa tsa IoT, e nolofalletsang metse e bohlale, IoT ea indasteri, le tlhokomelo ea tikoloho. E hatisa khokahano ho feta lebelo, e netefatsa puisano e sebetsang hantle har'a lisebelisoa tse limilione.
Mathata le Menyetla
Ho sa tsotellehe tsoelo-pele e babatsehang, ho ntse ho e-na le liphephetso tse 'maloa lefapheng la litsamaiso tsa puisano tsa mehala ea thekeng:
1. Khaello ea Spectrum:
Tlhoko e ntseng e eketseha ya ditshebeletso tsa waelese e mpefatsa kgaello ya di-spectrum. Tsamaiso e sebetsang ya di-spectrum, ho falla hape, le tshebediso ya di-band tse phahameng tsa maqhubu (mohlala, maqhubu a millimeter) di bohlokwa bakeng sa ho rarolla phephetso ena.
2. Tšireletso le Lekunutu:
Ka ho ata ha disebediswa tse hokahantsweng, ho netefatsa tshireletso e matla le ho sireletsa boinotshi ba mosebedisi ke ntho ya bohlokwa. Ho ngolwa ha di-incryption ho ntlafaditsweng, mekgwa e tswetseng pele ya netefatso, le meralo e sireletsehileng ya marangrang di bohlokwa ho lwantsha ditshoso tse ntseng di fetoha tsa inthanete.
3. Matsete a Meralo ea Motheo:
Ho kenya marangrang a moloko o latelang joalo ka 5G ho hloka matsete a maholo a meralo ea motheo. Tšebelisano-'moho lipakeng tsa mebuso, liindasteri le lik'hamphani tsa puisano e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho qalisoa ka katleho le ho amoheloa ha mahlale a macha ka bophara.
4. Khokahano ea Lefatše ka Bophara:
Ho koala karohano ea dijithale le ho netefatsa hore khokahano ea lefats'e e ntse e le liphephetso tse kholo. Ho atolosa tšireletso libakeng tse hole le tse sa fuoeng tlhokomelo e lekaneng ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho holisa kholo le nts'etsopele e kenyeletsang bohle.
Qetellong, litsamaiso tsa puisano tsa mehala ea thekeng li fetotse khokahano ka ho ke keng ha latoloa, tsa khanna tsoelo-pele ea moruo le ho fetola maphelo a rona a letsatsi le letsatsi. Phetoho ho tloha ho 1G ho ea ho 5G e notlolletse menyetla e e-so ka e bonoa, 'me bokamoso bo na le tšepiso e kholo le ho feta ka mahlale le boqapi bo ntseng bo hlaha. Ha re ntse re tsoela pele, ho sebetsana le liphephetso le ho sebelisa menyetla e tla ba senotlolo sa ho hlokomela bokhoni bo felletseng ba litsamaiso tsa puisano tsa mehala ea thekeng le ho theha lefats'e le hokahaneng bakeng sa bohle.
