Ho Rala le ho Kenya Ts'ebetsong Mekhoa ea ho Tlosa Metsi Metseng
Metsi a metse ke e 'ngoe ea meralo ea motheo ea motheo e khethollang boleng ba bophelo motseng. Ha litsamaiso tsa metsi a metse li sa reriloe le ho kenngoa tšebetsong hantle, litlamorao li feta likhohola litseleng, ho sitisa ho tsamaea, ho senya thepa, ho eketsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhokomelo ea litsela, ho theola boleng ba tikoloho, esita le likotsi tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba tse bakoang ke metsi a silafetseng. Har'a phetoho ea tlelaemete ho bakang pula e matla le kholo e potlakileng ea litoropo e eketsang tlhoko ea libaka tse sa keneng metsi, ho rala le ho kenya tšebetsong litsamaiso tsa metsi a metse e metse e fetohile tlhokahalo ea maano, eseng feela projeke ea tekheniki.
Mehopolo ea Motheo ea Metsi a Metseng
Ka kakaretso, tsamaiso ea ho ntsha metsi litoropong ke mokhoa o tsamaisang le ho laola metsi, haholo-holo metsi a pula (a phallang) le metsi a phallang holim'a metsi, ho thibela ho bokellana kapa ho hohola. Ho fapana le tsamaiso ea metsi mahaeng, e itšetlehileng haholo ka likanale tsa tlhaho, metse e tobane le liphephetso tse ikhethang: libaka tse kholo tsa holim'a metsi tse koahetsoeng ke asphalt le konkreite, sebaka se fokolang, lits'ebeletso tse teteaneng tsa ka tlas'a lefatše, le boteng ba litšila tsa malapeng tse atisang ho kena likanaleng. Ka hona, litsamaiso tsa tsamaiso ea metsi litoropong li tlameha ho etsoa e le marang-rang a kopaneng, a kenyeletsang likanale tsa mantlha, tsa bobeli le tsa boraro, meaho e thusang (li-culvert, li-inlet, litanka tsa taolo), matamo a ho boloka/ho koalla, le lipompo libakeng tse itseng.
Mekhoa ea sejoale-joale e totobatsa ho qhalana ha metsi ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng, joalo ka likhopolo tsa Mekhoa ea ho Khantša Metsi ea Metseng e Tsitsitseng (SUDS) kapa Nts'etsopele ea Tlase ea Tšusumetso (LID). Molao-motheo oa bohlokoa ke ho boloka, ho kenella le ho liehisa phallo ea metsi haufi le mohloli oa ona kamoo ho ka khonehang, ho e-na le ho a "lahla" kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang ho ea tlase. Sena se bohlokoa hobane phallo e potlakileng hangata e fetola mathata a likhohola ho tloha sebakeng se seng ho ea ho se seng.
Mehato ea ho Rala Sistimi ea Metsi
1. Hlalosa Mathata le Lipakane
Mokhahlelo oa pele ke ho utloisisa mathata a teng: libaka tsa metsi a kollang, makhetlo a likhohola, bokhoni ba likanale, litšitiso, le kamano pakeng tsa metsi a kollang le tsamaiso e kholo ea noka kapa ea kanale. Lipakane tsa moralo li hloka ho hlophisoa ka ho hlaka, mohlala, ho fokotsa metsi a kollang nakong e itseng ea ho khutla (lilemo tse 2-5 bakeng sa litsela tsa boahelani, ho ba holimo bakeng sa libaka tsa bohlokoa), ho laola boleng ba metsi a phallang, kapa ho eketsa ho mamella liketsahalo tse matla tsa pula.
2. Pokello ea Lintlha
Moralo oa drainage o itšetlehile haholo ka lintlha tse lekaneng, ho kenyeletsoa:
– Lintlha tsa pula ea letsatsi le letsatsi le matla a pula (IDF: Maqhubu a Matla-Nako-Makhetlo).
– Limmapa tsa topographic le matsoapo a naha.
– Tšebeliso ea mobu (matlo, indasteri, sebaka se bulehileng se setala).
– Marangrang a kanale a teng le boemo ba ona ba 'mele.
– Lintlha tsa mobu le bokgoni ba ho kenella mobung.
– Lintlha tsa maqhubu a leoatle (bakeng sa metse e lebopong la leoatle) le bophahamo ba metsi a noka.
– Tlhahisoleseding e 'ngoe ea thuso (liphaephe tsa metsi a nooang, khase, likhoele) ho qoba likhohlano tsa litsela.
Boleng ba data bo etsa qeto ea ho nepahala ha moralo. Metseng e nang le data e fokolang ea metsi, mokhoa o bolokehileng, lipatlisiso tsa masimo, kapa mohlala o thehiloeng ho sathelaete le litekanyo tse ling lia hlokahala.
3. Tlhahlobo ea Metsi
Tlhahlobo ea metsi e ikemiselitse ho hakanya phallo ea metsi e entsoeng ka moralo. Mekhoa e sebelisoang e ka kenyelletsa Mokhoa oa Mabaka bakeng sa libaka tse nyane tsa metsi, kapa hydrograph ea yuniti le mohlala oa pula-ea ...
Ntle le ho ntša metsi a mangata haholo, moralo oa sejoale-joale o boetse o nahana ka bongata ba metsi a phallang. Sena se bohlokoa bakeng sa moralo oa matamo a ho boloka metsi le liliba tsa ho kenella, tse bolokang metsi a pula ka nakoana.
4. Tlhahlobo ea Marang-rang ea Hydraulic
Hang ha moralo oa ho ntša metsi o se o tsejoe, tlhahlobo ea haeteroliki e etsoa ho fumana litekanyo tsa kanale, leralla la bethe, lebelo la phallo, le boemo ba metsi. Kanale e lokela ho ba kholo ka ho lekaneng ho jara phallo ntle le ho tlala, empa e se kholo hoo e bakang phallo e liehang, ho senyeha ha metsi, kapa ho thibana. Bakeng sa likanale tse koetsoeng, khatello, bokhoni le tlhokomelo li tlameha ho hlahlojoa. Bakeng sa likanale tse bulehileng, polokeho, botle le kotsi ea litšila le tsona li hloka ho nahanoa.
Ho etsa mohlala ka software (mohlala, SWMM, HEC-RAS, kapa liforomo tsa GIS) hangata ho sebelisoa ho lekola maemo a pula e matla, liphetoho tsa tšebeliso ea mobu, le litlamorao tsa nts'etsopele e ncha.
5. Khetho ea Tharollo: Sebopeho le Seo e seng Sebopeho
Litharollo tsa drainage ha li akarelletse feela ho holisa likanale. Likhetho tse tloaelehileng li kenyelletsa:
– Ho lokisa le ho lokisa dikanale tse senyehileng/tse thibilweng.
– Eketsa bokgoni ka ho atolosa kapa ho nkela di-culvert sebaka.
– Letangoana la ho boloka/ho kwalla metsi ho thibela ho ntsha metsi a mangata.
– Liliba tsa ho kenella, li-biopores, le tsela e ka kenang metsi ho eketsa ho kenella ha metsi.
– Libaka tse tala tse bulehileng le lirapeng tsa boikhathollo tse kenellang e le meralo ea motheo e tala.
– Litsamaiso tsa pompo le tsa menyako ea metsi libakeng tse tlaase kapa tse lebopong la leoatle.
– Taolo ea litšila le thuto ea sechaba, ho kenyeletsoa le ho beha leihlo ho lahla litšila.
Mokhoa o motle ka ho fetisisa hangata ke motsoako, o etselitsoeng maemo a mobu, litšenyehelo le litlhoko tsa nako e telele.
Ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha Sistimi ya Dikgaello tsa Metsi Metseng
1. Tokisetso ea Moralo o Hlakileng oa Boenjiniere (DED)
DED e kenyelletsa litšoantšo tsa tekheniki, lipalo tsa moralo, litlhaloso tsa thepa, mekhoa ea mosebetsi, le moralo oa tekanyetso. Mokhahlelo ona o hloka tšebelisano-'moho ea mekhatlo e fapaneng ho netefatsa hore tsela ea kanale ha e hanyetsane le lits'ebeletso tse ling le kaho ea litsela. DED e tlameha ho nahana ka phihlello ea ts'ebetso le tlhokomelo, joalo ka sebaka sa likoti tsa metsi, litanka tsa taolo, kapa litsela tsa tlhahlobo.
2. Theko le Kaho
Ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha masimo hangata ho tobana le diphephetso: sebaka se fokolang sa mosebetsi, sephethephethe se seholo, le maemo a mobu a sa fihlelleng dikakanyo. Ka hona, tsamaiso ya kaho e tlameha ho beha polokeho pele, tsamaiso ya sephethephethe, le taolo ya boleng pele. Thepa e loketseng (konkereite e matlafaditsweng, majwe a betliloeng, phaephe ya HDPE, kapa di-culvert tsa mabokose a foreime) di kgethwa ho latela meroalo ya sephethephethe, bophelo ba moralo, le boiketlo ba tlhokomelo.
Boleng ba mosebetsi bo bohlokoa bakeng sa nako e telele ea sistimi. Liphoso tse nyane tse kang likhokahano tsa liphaephe tse lutlang, bophahamo bo sa nepahalang ba inverte, kapa li-inlet tse sa lekaneng li ka lebisa likhoholeng tse pheta-phetoang.
3. Ho Laela le ho Lekola Mesebetsi
Pele ho nehelano, sistimi e tlameha ho lekoa ho netefatsa hore phallo e boreleli, ha ho phallo e khutlang, ha ho lutla, le hore li-inlet li sebetsa ho hapa metsi ho tsoa holim'a tsela. Libakeng tse kotsing ea likhohola tse matla, ho lekoa ha mosebetsi oa liheke tsa likhohola le lipompo ho bohlokoa, joalo ka ho fumaneha ha motlakase o tšehetsang.
4. Ts'ebetso le Tlhokomelo
Mekhoa e mengata ea ho ntsha metsi e hlōleha eseng ka lebaka la moralo o mobe oa pele, empa ka lebaka la tlhokomelo e mpe. Lithōle ke sera se seholo sa ho ntsha metsi litoropong. Lenaneo le loketseng la tlhokomelo le lokela ho kenyelletsa:
– Ho hlwekisa di-inlet, ditanka tsa taolo le dikanale ka mehla.
– Ho tloswa ha seretse nako le nako.
– Ho seha dimela ka hara dikanale tse bulehileng.
– Tlhahlobo ea sebopeho ho bona mapetso, ho putlama, kapa ho sisinyeha.
– Sistimi ea tlaleho ea baahi le karabelo e potlakileng ha ho e-ba le lithibelo.
Tlhokomelo e boetse e amana le puso: hore na ke mang ea ikarabellang karolong e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe (toropong, moqapi, kapa sechabeng), le ho fumaneha ha tekanyetso e tsitsitseng.
Liphephetso le Litaelo tsa Nts'etsopele
Ha re ntse re tswela pele, moralo wa ho ntsha metsi ditoropong o lokela ho ikamahanya le maemo haholoanyane. Phetoho ya tlelaemete e bolela hore tlhahisoleseding ya nalane ya pula ha se kamehla e bontshang maemo a nakong e tlang. Ka hona, meralo e hloka ho kenyelletsa mabaka a polokeho, maemo a matla a pula, le sebaka sa katoloso ya bokgoni. Ho feta moo, mohopolo wa "toropo ya seponche" o ntse o fetoha o amehang haholo: metse e reretsweng ho monya le ho boloka metsi ka hara dibaka tse tala, matamo a ditoropong, le dibaka tse nang le masoba.
Ho sebelisa dijithale le hona ke mokhoa, ka mehlala e kenyeletsang disensara tsa boemo ba metsi le ditsamaiso tsa temoso ya pele ya ho hohela metsi tse hokahantsweng le setsi sa taolo. Ka data ya nako ya sebele, batsamaisi ba ka tataisa maiteko a ho hlwekisa, ba sebedisa dipompo, kapa ba kwala dikgoro tsa metsi ka potlako.
Ho koala
Ho rala le ho kenya tshebetsong ditsamaiso tsa drainage tsa ditoropong ke tshebetso e nang le mafapha a mangata e kopanyang hydrology, hydraulics, moralo wa sebaka, kaho le tsamaiso. Katleho ha e lekanngwe feela ka boholo ba dikanale, empa le ka bokgoni ba sistimi ba ho fokotsa kotsi ya dikgohola, ho boloka boleng ba tikoloho, le ho sebetsa ka botshepehi ka nako e telele. Ka ho kopanya meralo ya motheo e mesesaane (dikanale, di-culvert, dipompo) le meralo ya motheo e tala (ditsamaiso tsa ho kenella ka metsing, dibaka tse tala), metse e ka kgona ho mamella pula e ngata le kgolo e tswelang pele ya ditoropong. Ha e rerilwe ho latela data, e hahilwe ka boleng bo hodimo, mme e hlokomelwa ka ho tswela pele, mekgwa ya drainage ya ditoropong ke letsete la bohlokwa polokehong le botsitsong ba ditoropong.
