Mokhoa oa Bootstrap ho Lipalopalo
Pendahuluan
Lipalopalo ke saense e ikemiselitseng ho bokella, ho sekaseka, ho toloka le ho hlahisa lintlha. Tlhahlobo ea lipalo-palo hangata e itšetleha ka likhopolo-taba tse itseng kapa likhopolo-taba tsa monyetla tse hlokang boholo bo boholo ba lisampole ho hlahisa likhakanyo tse nepahetseng. Leha ho le joalo, maemong a mangata, ho fumana lisampole tse kholo ha ho sebetse ebile ha ho khonehe. Mona ke moo mokhoa oa bootstrap, mokhoa oa ho etsa sampole bocha, o bang molemo haholo.
Mokhoa oa bootstrap o ile oa hlahisoa ka lekhetlo la pele ke Bradley Efron ka 1979 'me e se e le o mong oa mekhoa e tsebahalang haholo lipalo-palong ka lebaka la ho tenyetseha ha oona le bokhoni ba ho hlahisa likhakanyo tse nepahetseng bakeng sa liparamente tse ngata tsa baahi ntle le ho etsa likhakanyo tse itseng tsa kabo. Sengoloa sena se tla hlalosa melao-motheo ea motheo ea mokhoa oa bootstrap, mehato ea ts'ebetsong ea oona, le mehlala e 'maloa ea ts'ebeliso ea oona lipalo-palong.
Melao-motheo ea Motheo ea Mokhoa oa Bootstrap
Mokhoa oa bootstrap ke mokhoa o seng oa parametric o re lumellang ho hakanya kabo ea lipalo-palo (mohlala, karolelano, phapang) ka ho etsa sampole bocha ea data ea rona ea pele. Molao-motheo oa motheo oa mokhoa ona ke ho sebelisa data e teng (sampole ea pele) ho etsisa li-data tse ngata tse ncha ka sampole e pheta-phetoang.
Mehato ea motheo e nkuoang mokhoeng oa bootstrap ke ena:
1. Mohlala hape: Ho tsoa sete ea data ea pele ea boholo ba N, sampole hape makhetlo a N ka sebaka. Sena se bolela hore likarolo tse khethiloeng bakeng sa tlhahlobo li ka khethoa ka makhetlo a fetang le le leng.
2. Bala Lipalopalo: Bala lipalo-palo tse lakatsehang (mohlala, karolelano, bohareng) bakeng sa sampole ka 'ngoe.
3. Pheta Ts'ebetso: Pheta mehato ea 1 le ea 2 ka makhetlo a 'maloa (mohlala, B=1000 kapa ho feta) ho fumana kabo ea bootstrap ea lipalo-palo tseo u li thahasellang.
4. Khakanyo le Qetello: Sebelisa kabo ena ea bootstrap ho theha mekhahlelo ea kholiseho, ho leka likhopolo-taba, kapa ho theha lipalo-palo tse ling tsa ho nahana.
Mehato ea ho kenya tšebetsong Bootstrap
Mokhoa oa bootstrap o ka hlalosoa ka botlalo haholoanyane mehatong e latelang:
1. Ho etsa disampole hape
Ho etsa sampole hape ka ho nkela sebaka ke ntlha ya bohlokwa ya mokgwa wa bootstrap. Re sebedisa data ya pele, re theha disete tse ngata tse ntjha tsa data, tse bitswang disampole tsa bootstrap. Sampole e nngwe le e nngwe ya bootstrap ke sephetho sa ho nka sampole ya makgetlo a N ho tloha sete ya data ya pele ya boholo ba N, empa ka ho nkela sebaka, e le hore dielemente tse sampoleng ya pele di ka hlaha ka makgetlo a fetang le le leng disampoleng tsa bootstrap.
Contoh:
Haeba re na le data ea pele \[3, 5, 7, 9\], joale sampole e le 'ngoe e ka bang teng ea bootstrap e ka ba \[3, 9, 9, 5\].
2. Ho Bala Lipalopalo tsa Bootstrap
Bakeng sa sampole e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea bootstrap, bala lipalo-palo tse lakatsehang. A re re re thahasella karolelano, re tla bala karolelano bakeng sa sampole e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea bootstrap. Haeba re pheta ts'ebetso ena makhetlo a B, re tla ba le likhakanyo tsa B tsa karolelano.
3. Ho theha Kabo ea Bootstrap
Ka ho kopanya lipalo-palo tsohle tse baloang ho tsoa lisampoleng tsa bootstrap tsa B, re haha kabo ea bootstrap ea lipalo-palo tse lakatsehang. Kabo ena e sebelisetsoa ho hakanya kabo ea disampole ea lipalo-palo.
4. Tlhaloso ea Lipalopalo
Ho tsoa kabong ena ea bootstrap, re ka etsa liqeto tse fapaneng tsa lipalo-palo. Mohlala, re ka fumana mekhahlelo ea kholiseho ka ho nka liperesente ho tsoa kabong ea bootstrap kapa liteko tsa likhakanyo ka ho sheba boleng ba p bo fumanoeng kabong ena.
Mohlala oa ho Sebelisa Mokhoa oa Bootstrap
Ho fana ka setšoantšo se hlakileng haholoanyane, ha re shebeng mehlala e meng ea kamoo mokhoa oa bootstrap o sebelisoang kateng maemong a sebetsang.
Mohlala oa 1: Nako ea Boitšepo e Akaretsang
A re re re na le data ea mohlala ea boima ba 'mele ba batho ba 10 ka tsela e latelang: \[60, 62, 67, 70, 65, 68, 64, 60, 66, 63].
1. Ho tsoa ho data ena, re nka disampole tse 1000 tsa bootstrap tsa boholo bo lekanang, mohlala:
– Mohlala wa 1: \[62, 67, 70, 67, 64, 62, 63, 65, 68, 60\]
– Mohlala wa 2: \[60, 62, 70, 70, 63, 64, 63, 65, 68, 62\]
- jj…
2. Ho tsoa sampoleng e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea bootstrap, re bala karolelano:
– Mohlala o tloaelehileng oa 1: (62+67+70+67+64+62+63+65+68+60) / 10
– Mohlala o tloaelehileng oa 2: (60+62+70+70+63+64+63+65+68+62) / 10
- jj…
3. Ka ho pheta mohato ona ka makhetlo a 1000, re tla fumana boima bo tloaelehileng ba 1000.
4. Ka data ena e tloaelehileng ea 1000, re theha kabo ea bootstrap 'me re nka liphesente tsa 2.5 le 97.5 ho theha karohano ea kholiseho ea 95%.
Mohlala oa 2: Teko ea Khopolo-taba e Mengata e Bohareng
A re re re batla ho leka hore na di-median tsa disete tse pedi tsa data di a lekana. Re ka sebedisa bootstrapping ho etsa kabo ya phapang ho di-median.
1. Nka disampole tsa bootstrap ho tsoa ho sete e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea data ea pele.
2. Bala phapang e mahareng bakeng sa sampole e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea bootstrap.
3. Theha kabo ea liphapang tse mahareng tsa bootstrap.
4. Sheba hore na lefela le oela kahare ho nako ea kholiseho ea kabo.
Melemo le Mefokolo ea Mokhoa oa Bootstrap
Feteletseng
– E seng ya diparamethara: Ha e hloke diqeto tse itseng mabapi le kabo ya data.
– Katleho bakeng sa Disampole tse Nyane: E sebetsa esita le bakeng sa disampole tse nyane.
– E tenyetsehang: E ka sebelisoa ho lipalo-palo tse fapaneng ho kenyeletsoa karolelano, bohareng, tekanyo ea ho khutlela morao, jj.
– Bonolo ba ho Kenya Tshebetsong: Ka kgatelopele ya theknoloji ya dikhomphutha, mokgwa wa bootstrap o bonolo haholo ho o kenya tshebetsong ka thuso ya software ya dipalopalo jwalo ka R kapa Python.
Meeli
– Litšenyehelo tsa Khomphutha: E ka hloka mehlodi e mengata ea khomphutha haholo-holo ka boholo bo boholo ba data kapa palo e kholo ea disampole tsa bootstrap (B).
– Mefutafuta ya Disampole: E loketse feela disampole tse emelang palo ya batho ba pele ka ho lekaneng.
– Ha e Sireletse Khahlanong le Leeme: Haeba data ea pele e leeme, joale lisampole tsohle tsa bootstrap li tla ba le leeme le tšoanang.
Qetello
Mokhoa oa bootstrap o fana ka tharollo e matla le e tenyetsehang mathateng a mangata a ho nahana ka lipalo-palo. Ka bokhoni ba oona ba ho hakanya kabo ea lipalo-palo tse fapaneng ka katleho ntle le ho nahana ka kabo efe kapa efe e itseng, mokhoa oa bootstrap o fetohile sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa tlhahlobong ea data. Ho sa tsotellehe mefokolo ea oona, melemo eo o fanang ka eona hangata e feta litšenyehelo tsa khomphutha. Ha o sebelisoa ka nepo, mokhoa oa bootstrap o ka fana ka temohisiso e ruileng le e nepahetseng haholoanyane mabapi le tlhahlobo ea lipalo-palo.
