Foromo ea Motlakase bakeng sa Litefiso tsa Lintlha Tse 'Nè
Pengatar
Bokgoni ba motlakase ke mohopolo wa bohlokwa fisiks ya motlakase o re thusang ho utlwisisa hore na ditefiso tsa motlakase di sebelisana jwang sebakeng. Ha re bua ka tefiso ya ntlha, re bua ka tefiso e nkwang e le e kopaneng sebakeng se le seng. Sehloohong sena, re tla buisana ka diforomo tsa bokgoni ba motlakase bakeng sa ditefiso tse nne tse fapaneng tsa ntlha, mokhoa wa ho di bala, le tshebediso e sebetsang ya mohopolo ona.
Khopolo ea Motheo ea Bokhoni ba Motlakase
Bokgoni ba motlakase sebakeng se itseng ke matla a motlakase ka yuniti e le nngwe a tla fumanwa ke tefiso e ntle ya teko e behilweng sebakeng seo. Bokgoni ba motlakase hangata bo lekanngwa ka di-volts (V). Ka dipalo, bokgoni ba motlakase \(V \) bo bakwang ke tefiso \(q \) e hole \(r \) ho tloha tefisong eo bo fanwa ka foromo:
\[ V = \frac{kq}{r} \]
Di mana:
– \( V \) ke matla a motlakase (volts),
– \( k \) ke constant ya Coulomb (\( 8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N m}^2 \text{C}^{-2} \)),
– \( q \) ke tefiso (coulomb),
– \(r \) ke sebaka se tlohang tefisong ho ya moo bokgoni bo balwang teng (dimithara).
Bokhoni ba Motlakase ba Litefiso tsa Lintlha Tse 'Nè
Haeba re na le litefiso tse 'ne tsa lintlha \( q_1 \), \( q_2 \), \( q_3 \), le \( q_4 \) tse fumanehang maemong \( (x_1, y_1) \), \( (x_2, y_2) \), \( (x_3, y_3) \), le \( (x_4, y_4) \) ho li-coordinate tsa Cartesian, re ka bala kakaretso ea matla a motlakase ntlheng \( P(x, y) \) ka ho akaretsa matla a motlakase a bakoang ke tefo ka 'ngoe ntlheng eo.
Bokgoni bohle ba motlakase \( V \) ntlheng \( P \) bo fanoa ke:
\[ V = V_1 + V_2 + V_3 + V_4 \]
Di mana:
– \( V_1 \) ke matla a motlakase a bakoang ke \( q_1 \),
– \( V_2 \) ke matla a motlakase a bakoang ke \( q_2 \),
– \( V_3 \) ke matla a motlakase a bakoang ke \( q_3 \),
– \( V_4 \) ke bokgoni ba motlakase bo bakwang ke \( q_4 \).
Matla a motlakase a bakoang ke tjhaja e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ntlheng \( P \) a ka ngoloa tjena:
\[ V_1 = \frac{k q_1}{r_1}, \quad V_2 = \frac{k q_2}{r_2}, \quad V_3 = \frac{k q_3}{r_3}, \quad V_4 = \frac{k q_4}{r_4} \]
Di mana:
– \( r_1 \) ke sebaka se pakeng tsa tefiso \( q_1 \) le ntlha \( P \),
– \( r_2 \) ke sebaka se pakeng tsa tefiso \( q_2 \) le ntlha \( P \),
– \( r_3 \) ke sebaka se pakeng tsa tefiso \( q_3 \) le ntlha \( P \),
– \( r_4 \) ke sebaka se pakeng tsa tefiso \( q_4 \) le ntlha \( P \).
Sebaka \(r \) pakeng tsa lintlha tse peli ho li-coordinate tsa Cartesian se ka baloa ho sebelisoa foromo:
\[r = \sqrt{(x – x_i)^2 + (y – y_i)^2} \]
Di mana:
– \( (x, y) \) ke likhokahano tsa ntlha \( P \),
– \( (x_i, y_i) \) ke dikhokahano tsa tjhaja \( q_i \) (i = 1, 2, 3, 4).
Kahoo, re ka bala sebaka \( r \) bakeng sa tefiso e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ebe re sebelisa foromo ea motlakase ho fumana bokhoni ntlheng \( P \).
Mohlala oa Palo
A re nke mohlala o tiileng ka litefiso tse 'ne tsa lintlha ka tsela e latelang:
– \( q_1 = 2 \, \mu \text{C} \) ho (0, 0),
– \( q_2 = -3 \, \mu \text{C} \) ho (1, 0),
– \( q_3 = 4 \, \mu \text{C} \) ho (0, 1),
– \( q_4 = -1 \, \mu \text{C} \) ho (1, 1).
Re batla ho bala matla a motlakase ntlheng \( P \) e fumanehang ho (2, 2).
Taba ea pele, re bala sebaka se pakeng tsa ntlha \( P \) le tefiso ka 'ngoe:
\[ r_1 = \sqrt{(2-0)^2 + (2-0)^2} = \sqrt{8} = 2\sqrt{2} \]
\[ r_2 = \ sqrt{(2-1)^2 + (2-0)^2} = \ sqrt{5} \]
\[ r_3 = \ sqrt{(2-0)^2 + (2-1)^2} = \ sqrt{5} \]
\[ r_4 = \ sqrt{(2-1)^2 + (2-1)^2} = \ sqrt{2} \]
Ebe, re sebelisa boleng bona ba sebaka ho bala matla a motlakase a bakoang ke tjhaja e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ntlheng \( P \):
\[ V_1 = \frac{8.99 \ka makhetlo a 10^9 \ka makhetlo a 2 \ka makhetlo a 10^{-6}}{2\sqrt{2}} \hoo e ka bang 3.18 \ka makhetlo a 10^3 \, \mongolo{V} \]
\[ V_2 = \frac{8.99 \makgetlo a 10^9 \makgetlo (-3) \makgetlo a 10^{-6}}{\sqrt{5}} \hoo e ka bang -3.81 \makgetlo a 10^3 \, \mongolo{V} \]
\[ V_3 = \frac{8.99 \ka makhetlo a 10^9 \ka makhetlo a 4 \ka makhetlo a 10^{-6}}{\sqrt{5}} \hoo e ka bang 7.62 \ka makhetlo a 10^3 \, \mongolo{V} \]
\[ V_4 = \frac{8.99 \makgetlo a 10^9 \makgetlo (-1) \makgetlo a 10^{-6}}{\sqrt{2}} \hoo e ka bang -6.36 \makgetlo a 10^3 \, \mongolo{V} \]
Bokgoni bohle ba motlakase ntlheng \(P \) ke kakaretso ya bokgoni bona bohle:
\[ V = 3.18 \makgetlo a 10^3 – 3.81 \makgetlo a 10^3 + 7.62 \makgetlo a 10^3 – 6.36 \makgetlo a 10^3 \hoo e ka bang 0.63 \makgetlo a 10^3 \, \mongolo{V} \]
Litšebeliso tsa Bokhoni ba Motlakase
Ho utloisisa bokgoni ba motlakase ba tjhaja efe kapa efe ya ntlha ho bohlokwa dikopong tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletswa:
– Moralo oa potoloho ea elektroniki: Baenjiniere ba tlameha ho utloisisa kabo e ka bang teng potolohong ho netefatsa hore likarolo li sebetsa hantle.
– Masimo a motlakase baelojing: Bokgoni ba motlakase bo bapala karolo mosebetsing oa sele ea methapo le phetisetso ea matšoao 'meleng.
– Ts'ebetso ea thepa: Matla a motlakase a sebelisoa mekhoeng ea motlakase e kang ho kenngoa ha motlakase le ho hloekisoa ha thepa.
Qetello
Ho bala matla a motlakase a litefiso tse 'maloa tsa lintlha ho hloka kutloisiso ea motheo ea hore na matla a motlakase a sebetsa joang le hore na sebaka se pakeng tsa litefiso se a ama joang. Ka mohopolo ona, re ka hlalosa le ho rala litsamaiso tse kenyeletsang likamano tsa motlakase ka katleho. Matla a motlakase ke sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa se re thusang ho utloisisa lefats'e la fisiks maemong a microscopic le macroscopic.
