Ho kopanya polymerization: Ts'ebetso, Mokhoa, le Litšebeliso
Polymerization ke ts'ebetso ea lik'hemik'hale eo ho eona li-monomer li sebelisanang ho theha liketane tse telele tsa polymer. Ho na le mefuta e 'meli e meholo ea polymerization: ho eketsa polymerization le condensation polymerization. Sengoloa sena se tla hlahloba condensation polymerization ka botebo—ho tloha tlhalosong le mokhoa oa eona ho isa lits'ebetsong le melemo ea eona.
Tlhaloso ea Condensation Polymerization
Ho kopanya polymerization ke mofuta oa polymerization oo ho oona li-monomer li kopanang ka karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale e hlahisang lihlahisoa tse ling, joalo ka metsi, joala, kapa ammonia. Karabelo ena hangata e hlaha lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli tse fapaneng tsa li-monomer, joalo ka asiti ea carboxylic e nang le joala (e etsang ester) kapa asiti ea carboxylic e nang le amine (e etsang amide).
Mokhoa oa ho Fokotsa Polima ea Kotsi
Ho polymerization ea condensation, monomer e tlameha ho ba le bonyane libaka tse peli tse arabelang. Monomer ka 'ngoe e arabela le monomer e 'ngoe ka mokhoa oa ho hola ka mehato, moo liketso li etsahalang lipakeng tsa lipara tsa li-monomer ho etsa li-dimer, li-trimer, 'me qetellong li-polymer.
Tse ling tsa mehato ea motheo ea mokhoa oa ho etsa polymerization ea condensation ke:
1. Qalo le Sebopeho sa Dimer:
Monomer ea pele e tla arabela le monomer ea bobeli ho hlahisa dimer le molek'hule e nyane ea condensation, joalo ka metsi.
\[
\text{A-Mon + B-Mon} \rightarrow \text{AB-Dimer} + \text{H}_2\text{O}
\]
2. Sebopeho sa Oligomer:
Di-dimer tse bopilweng di ka arabela ho feta le di-monomer tse ding kapa le di-dimer tse ding ho etsa di-oligomer tse telele.
\[
\text{AB-Dimer + A-Mon} \rightarrow \text{ABA-Mon} + \text{H}_2\text{O}
\]
3. Sebopeho sa Polymer:
Li-oligomer li feta liketsong tsa condensation ho fihlela li etsa li-polymer tse telele. Ts'ebetso ena e ka tsoela pele ho fihlela li-polymer tse boima ba limolek'hule li fihletsoe.
\[
\text{ABABAB} \rightarrow \text{Polymer} + \text{H}_2\text{O}
\]
Mehlala ea Likarabelo tsa Condensation Polymerization
Likarabelo tse ling tse tsebahalang haholo ho polymerization ea condensation li kenyelletsa:
1. Sebopeho sa Polyester:
Li-polyester li thehoa ka karabelo pakeng tsa dicarboxylic acid le diol, tse hlahisang metsi e le sehlahisoa se setseng.
\[
n\ \text{HO-CH}_2 \text{-CH}_2 \text{-OH} + n\ \text{HOOC-Ph-COOH} \rightarrow \text{(-O-CH}_2 \text{-CH}_2 \text{-CH}_2 \text{-OCO-Ph-CO-)n} + 2n\ \text{H}_2\text{O}
\]
2. Sebopeho sa Polyamide (Nylon):
Nylon e thehoa ka karabelo pakeng tsa hexamethylenediamine le adipic acid ho hlahisa metsi.
\[
n\ \mongolo{H}_2 \mongolo{N-(CH}_2\mongolo{)}_6 \mongolo{-NH}_2 + n \ \mongolo{HOOC-(CH}_2\mongolo{)}_4\mongolo{-COOH} \mongolo o ka ho le letona\mongolo{(-NH-(CH}_2\mongolo{)}_6 \sengolo{-NH-CO4\mongolo{}__CO-(CH)_(CH) 2n\ \mongolo{H}_2\mongolo{O}
\]
Matlotlo le Litšobotsi tsa Li-polymer tse Hlahisitsoeng
Li-polymer tse hlahisoang ke condensation polymerization li na le mefuta e fapaneng ea thepa ho latela li-monomer tse sebelisitsoeng le maemo a karabelo:
1. Matla a Mekaniki:
Li-polymer tse kang li-nylon le li-polyester li na le matla a maholo a mechini, e leng se etsang hore li lokele lits'ebetso tse hlokang thepa e matla le e tšoarellang.
2. Sebaka sa ho Qhibiliha:
Thepa ea mocheso ea li-polymer tsa condensation e itšetlehile haholo ka sebopeho sa tsona sa lik'hemik'hale. Bongata ba li-polymer tsena li na le lintlha tse phahameng tsa ho qhibiliha, tse li lumellang ho sebelisoa maemong a mocheso o feteletseng.
3. E hanela lik'hemik'hale:
Li-polymer tse ling tsa condensation li na le khanyetso e ntle ea lik'hemik'hale, e leng se etsang hore e be likhetho tse ntle bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse itseng tsa indasteri.
Litšebeliso tsa Polymer ea Kontinenteng
Li-polymer tsa condensation li na le mefuta e mengata ea lits'ebetso bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi le indastering. Tse ling tsa lits'ebetso tse tloaelehileng li kenyelletsa:
1. Masela:
Likhoele tsa polyester (tse kang Dacron) le nylon hangata li sebelisoa ho etsa liaparo, lik'hapete le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa masela ka lebaka la ho tšoarella ha tsona le tlhokomelo e bonolo.
2. Sephutheloana:
Libotlolo tsa PET (polyethylene terephthalate) tse sebelisetsoang metsi a nooang le lino tse bonolo ke mohlala o mong oa tšebeliso ea polyester lits'ebetsong tsa liphutheloana.
3. Lisebelisoa tsa Boenjiniere:
Hangata nylon le polyurethane li sebelisoa ho hlahiseng likarolo tse hlokang ho tšoarella haholo, joalo ka li-gear, li-bearing le likarolo tse ling tsa mechini.
4. Likoloi:
Likarolo tse ngata tsa likoloi li entsoe ka li-polymer tsa condensation, ho kenyeletsoa likarolo tsa kahare tsa likoloi le likarolo tsa enjene tse hlokang ho hanela mocheso le lik'hemik'hale.
Matla le Mefokolo
Joalo ka mekhoa eohle ea lik'hemik'hale, condensation polymerization e na le melemo le mefokolo e lokelang ho nahanoa.
Bophahamo:
1. Ho feto-fetoha ha maemo:
Li-polymer tsa condensation li ka etsoa ho tsoa ho li-monomer tse fapaneng, e leng se lumellang hore thepa e fetoloe hore e lumellane le ts'ebeliso e lakatsehang.
2. Matla le Mamello:
Hangata li-polymer tsa condensation li na le matla a matle a mechini le ho hanyetsa maemo a thata a tikoloho.
3. Ts'ebetso e Thehiloeng ea Tlhahiso:
Ts'ebetso ea polymerization ea condensation e se e sebelisoa indastering nako e telele, kahoo mekhoa le meralo ea motheo e hlokahalang li butsoitse ebile li fumaneha habonolo.
Bofokoli:
1. Tlhahiso ea Limolek'hule tse ka thoko:
Likarabelo tsa ho koaleha ha metsi li hlahisa limolek'hule tse nyane e le lihlahisoa tse lokelang ho laoloa, mohlala, metsi a lokelang ho tlosoa karabelong.
2. Taolo ea Boima ba Limolek'hule:
Ho laola boima ba ho qetela ba limolek'hule hangata ho thata ho feta ka ho eketsa polymerization, e leng se hlokang taolo e tiileng ea karabelo.
Bokamoso ba ho Fokotsa Polima
Ho polima ha condensation ho ntse ho tsoela pele ho ba sebaka se mafolofolo sa lipatlisiso, thutong le indastering. Litsela tse ling tsa nts'etsopele ea nakong e tlang li kenyelletsa:
1. Li-Monomers tse Thehiloeng ho Biomass:
Ho fokotsa ho itšetleha ka thepa e tala e thehiloeng ho peterole ka ho sebelisa li-monomer tse tsoang mehloling e nchafatsoang.
2. Sistimi e Sebetsang Haholoanyane ea Catalysis:
Ho hlahisa di-catalyst tse kgethang le tse sebetsang hantle ho fokotsa dihlahiswa tse setseng le ho eketsa bokgoni ba karabelo.
3. Lisebelisoa tse nang le Thepa e Ikhethang:
Ho hlahisa li-polymer tse nang le thepa e ikhethang joalo ka ho tsamaisa motlakase, ho bola ha lintho tse phelang, le karabelo ho lintho tse susumetsang kantle tse kang khanya kapa pH.
Ka mefuta e mengata ea lits'ebetso tse ka bang teng le litaelo tsa nts'etsopele, condensation polymerization e ntse e le theknoloji ea bohlokoa lefatšeng la kajeno la thepa e tsoetseng pele.
