Mekhoa ea ho Bopa ka Khatello bakeng sa Tlhahiso ea Plastiki le Mefuta e Loketseng ea Plastiki
Indastering ea tlhahiso ea polasetiki, khetho ea mokhoa oa ho bopa e khetholla boleng ba sehlahisoa, katleho ea litšenyehelo, le mofuta oa thepa e sebelisoang. Mokhoa o mong oa khale o ntseng o sebetsa kajeno ke ho bopa ka khatello. Mokhoa ona o sebelisoa haholo ho hlahisa likarolo tsa polasetiki tse matla, tse tsitsitseng tse loketseng tlhahiso e mahareng ho isa ho e kholo—haholo-holo bakeng sa thepa e itseng joalo ka polasetiki ea thermoset le li-thermoplastic tse ling tse khethehileng.
Sengoloa sena se tšohla tlhaloso, melao-motheo ea ts'ebetso, mekhahlelo ea ts'ebetso, melemo le mathata, lits'ebetso, le mefuta ea polasetiki e loketseng haholo mekhoa ea ho etsa libopeho tsa khatello.
Ho Koahela ka Khatello ke Eng?
Ho bopa ka kgatello ke mokhoa oa ho etsa polasetiki ka ho beha thepa (hangata ka mokhoa oa preform, phofo, kapa lakane) ka har'a mokoti oa hlobo, ebe o tobetsa thepa ka ho sebelisa poleiti ea khatello (hangata e ka holimo ho hlobo) ha o ntse o sebelisa mocheso. Khatello le mocheso li etsa hore thepa e phalle ka har'a hlobo, ebe e feta ts'ebetsong ea ho tiea kapa ho thatafatsa ho fihlela e fetoha sehlahisoa se felileng.
Mokhoa ona hangata o bapisoa le ho bōptjoa ka ente, empa tsena tse peli li fapana ka litšobotsi tsa tsona. Leha ho bōptjoa ka ente ho phalla polasetiki e qhibilihisitsoeng ka har'a nozzle ho ea ho hlobo, ho bōptjoa ka khatello ho hatella thepa ka ho toba ka har'a hlobo.
Melao-motheo ea Ts'ebetso le Mehato ea Ts'ebetso
Ka kakaretso, ho bopa khatello ho feta mekhahlelong e latelang ea mantlha:
1. Tokisetso ea thepa
Lisebelisoa tsa polasetiki li lokisoa ho latela sebopeho se hlokahalang, tse kang:
– Phofo
– Li-granule kapa li-pellets
– Sebopeho sa pele (sebopeho sa pele se kang "tablet" kapa "puck")
– Maqephe (bakeng sa li-thermoplastic tse ling kapa metsoako)
2. Ho futhumatsa hlobo
Hlobo e futhumatsoa mochesong o itseng oa ts'ebetso. Ho li-thermoset, mocheso o thusa ho qala karabelo ea ho fola (ho thatafatsa lik'hemik'hale). Ho li-thermoplastic, mocheso o thusa ho nolofatsa thepa hore e khone ho phalla.
3. Ho beha thepa ka har'a hlobo
Thepa e beoa tlase ho hlobo, hangata sebakeng se bohareng e le hore phallo e be e lekanang haholoanyane ha e hatelloa.
4. Khatello
Karolo e ka holimo ea hlobo e koetsoe 'me khatello ea sebelisoa. Thepa e nolofala (kapa e qala ho arabela) 'me e tlatsa lesoba la hlobo.
5. Ho thatafatsa/ho pholisa
– Bakeng sa li-thermosets, ho lokisa ho etsoa ho fihlela thepa e thatafala ka ho sa feleng.
– Bakeng sa thermoplastics, ho phodiswa ho etswa e le hore thepa e tiee hape.
6. Ho buloa ha hlobo le ho lokolloa ha sehlahisoa (ho qhaqhoa)
Sehlahisoa se nkuoa 'me hangata se hloka mehato e meng e kang ho khaola thepa e feteletseng (ho kuta ka flash), ho e lokisa, kapa ho e hlahloba.
Melemo ea ho Bopa ka Khatello
Mabaka a mang a etsang hore mokhoa ona o lule o tumme liindastering tsohle:
1. E loketse li-thermosets le metsoako
Lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa thermoset (mohlala, phenolic kapa melamine) li entsoe ka mokhoa o motle ka ho bōptjoa ha khatello ho feta mekhoa e meng.
2. Matla a matle a mechini
Lihlahisoa tsa ho bopa ka khatello hangata li teteaneng, li matla, 'me li tsitsitse ka boholo, haholo-holo bakeng sa likarolo tse nang le mabota a teteaneng.
3. Litšila tse fokolang haholo tsa thepa
Ha ho bapisoa le mekhoa e meng, thepa e ka sebetsa hantle haholoanyane, leha ho ntse ho na le monyetla oa hore ho be le khanya mathōkong a khatiso.
4. Litšenyehelo tsa ho bopa li ka ba theko e tlase ho feta ho bopa ka ente.
Meralong e meng, dibopeho tsa ho etsa moetso wa kgatello di ka ba bonolo ho feta dibopeho tsa ente tse hlokang ditsamaiso tse rarahaneng tsa ho matha le tsa heke.
5. E ntle bakeng sa lihlahisoa tse kholo
Likarolo tse kholo le tse teteaneng li ka etsoa habonolo ka mokhoa ona.
Mathata a ho Sebetsa ka Khatello
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho na le mefokolo e meng eo u lokelang ho e nahana:
1. Nako ea potoloho e ka ba telele
Haholo-holo bakeng sa li-thermosets hobane li hloka nako ea ho fola.
2. Ha e loketse lintlha tse rarahaneng haholo
Bakeng sa li-geometri tse rarahaneng haholo kapa mabota a masesaane haholo, ho etsa li-ente ho molemo haholo.
3. Kotsi ea ho phatloha ha lebone le tlhoko ea ho qeta
Khatello e ka etsa hore thepa e tsoe lekhalong la hlobo, e siee masalla a masesaane (flash) a lokelang ho khaoloa.
4. Taolo ea litekanyo meralong e meng e thata haholo
Phallo ea thepa e susumetsoa ke lintlha tse ngata (ho teteana, mocheso, khatello le boemo ba thepa ka har'a hlobo).
Mefuta ea Plastiki e Loketseng ho Etsoa ka Khatello
Khetho ea thepa ke ea bohlokoa. Hase polasetiki eohle e loketseng ho sebetsoa ka mokhoa ona. Ka kakaretso, thepa e loketseng ka ho fetisisa ke polasetiki ea thermoset le li-thermoplastic tse itseng.
1. Thermoset Plastiki (E Loketseng ka ho Fetisisa)
Liplastiki tsa thermoset li tla thatafala ka ho sa feleng ka mor'a ho futhumatsoa le ho phekoloa ke lik'hemik'hale (ho folisoa). Ka lebaka la tšobotsi ena, ho bōptjoa ha khatello e se e le mokhoa o tsebahalang.
Mehlala ea li-thermosets tse loketseng:
– Phenolic (Phenol-Formaldehyde / Bakelite)
E tloaelehile haholo bakeng sa likarolo tsa motlakase ka lebaka la ho hanyetsa mocheso, matla le thepa ea ho thibela mocheso. E sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa li-switch, li-handle tsa lisebelisoa le likarolo tse itseng tsa likoloi.
– Melamine Formaldehyde (Melamine)
E hanela mocheso 'me e na le bokaholimo bo thata, bo hanelang ho ngoapa. Hangata e sebelisoa bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa lapeng le likarolo tse hlokang ho tšoarella hantle ha bokaholimo.
– Urea Formaldehyde (Urea)
E loketse likarolo tse itseng tsa motlakase le lits'ebetso tse hlokang ho thibela mocheso le litšenyehelo tse tlase, leha ho hanyetsa boemo ba leholimo ho se hotle joalo ka mefuta e meng.
– Epoxy (haholo-holo ka sebopeho sa motsoako o kopaneng kapa motswako wa ho bopa)
E sebelisoa haholo e le ho koahela likarolo tsa elektroniki, metsoako le likarolo tse hlokang matla le ho khomarela hantle.
– Polyester e sa tlalang le Vinyl Ester (hangata e le metsoako)
E tloaelehile lits'ebetsong tse matlafalitsoeng ke faeba tse kang liphanele, likarolo tsa lipalangoang, kapa lihlahisoa tse hlokang karolelano e phahameng ea matla-ho-boima.
Lisebelisoa tsa thermoset hangata li fumaneha e le metsoako ea ho bopa e kang BMC (Bulk Molding Compound) le SMC (Sheet Molding Compound)—metsoako ea resin ea thermoset e nang le matlafatso ea faeba (mohlala, fiberglass) le filler. SMC/BMC li tumme haholo bakeng sa liphanele tsa likoloi, likarolo tse bobebe tsa sebopeho, le lits'ebetso tsa indasteri.
2. Thermoplastics tse ka sebetsoang ka ho etsa molding ka khatello (maemong a itseng)
Le hoja hangata e sebelisoa bakeng sa li-thermoset, ho bōptjoa ha khatello ho ka boela ha sebelisoa bakeng sa li-thermoplastic, haholo-holo haeba sehlahisoa se le bonolo kapa se le ka mokhoa oa lakane/sehlahisoa se teteaneng.
Mehlala ea thermoplastics e ka sebelisoang:
– PE (Polyethylene), haholo-holo HDPE
E ka etsoa ka ho totobatsa lihlahisoa tse itseng, mohlala, mapolanka/maqephe, likarolo tse bonolo tse nang le boholo bo boholo, kapa lits'ebetso tse sa hlokeng lintlha tse rarahaneng.
– PP (Polypropylene)
E ka sebetsoa bakeng sa lihlahisoa tse itseng, empa taolo ea mocheso le khatello ea hlokahala ho netefatsa hore phallo e lekana.
– PTFE (Teflon)
Hangata PTFE e sebetsoa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le ho etsa compression molding (ho tobetsa ka serame ebe ho sintering) ka lebaka la bothata ba eona ba tlhaho ka mekhoa ea ho etsa ente ea setso. E loketse litiiso, li-gasket le likarolo tse hanyetsanang le lik'hemik'hale.
– PVC (mefuta e itseng feela)
E ka sebetsoa, empa tlhokomelo ho botsitso ba mocheso ea hlokahala hobane PVC e na le kutloelo-bohloko khahlanong le ho senyeha ha mocheso.
Leha ho le jwalo, ho lokela ho hlokomelwa: bakeng sa thermoplastics tse hlokang phallo le dintlha tse nepahetseng haholo, ho enta ka ente hangata ho sebetsa hantle ebile ho tsitsitse.
Litšebeliso tsa Sehlahisoa sa ho Hatisa Mohopolo
Mehlala e meng ea lihlahisoa tse atisang ho etsoa ka mokhoa ona ke ena:
– Likarolo tsa likoloi: liphanele, matlo, likoahelo tse itseng tsa enjene, likarolo tse kopaneng tsa SMC/BMC
– Likarolo tsa motlakase le tsa elektroniki: li-insulator, li-switch, li-terminal blocks, component encapsulation
– Lisebelisoa tsa lapeng: mehele ea lipitsa, likonopo, likarolo tse hlokang ho hanyetsa mocheso
– Lihlahisoa tsa indasteri: li-gasket, litiiso, likarolo tse hanyetsanang le lik'hemik'hale (mohlala, PTFE), mabili a mang a manyane
– Lihlahisoa tse kopaneng: diphanele tsa fiberglass, dikarolo tsa sebopeho, dihlomo, le dikarolo tse bobebe tse matla haholo
Lintlha tsa Bohlokoa bakeng sa Liphetho tse Ntle tsa ho Bopa Khatello
E le ho fumana liphetho tse tsitsitseng le tsa boleng, ho tlameha ho laoloe liparamente tse 'maloa:
– Mocheso oa hlobo: o tlase haholo o etsa hore thepa e se ke ea phalla/ea fola ka mokhoa o sa phethahalang; e phahameng haholo e ka senya thepa.
– Kgatelelo: e lekanya bongata le bokgoni ba thepa ho tlatsa hlobo.
– Nako ea ho hatella le ho fola: e bohlokoa haholo ho li-thermoset.
– Ho beoa ha thepa ka har'a hlobo: ho ama mokhoa oa phallo le kotsi ea liphoso.
– Moralo oa hlobo: moea o kenang le o tsoang ho tlosa moea le ho fokotsa likheo, hammoho le sekheo se nepahetseng sa ho laola khanya.
Qetello
Ho etsa dibopeho tsa kgatello ke mokhoa wa ho bopa polasetiki o kenyeletsang ho hatella thepa hore e be hlobo e chesang ho fihlela e bopa mme e thatafala. Mokgwa ona o ipabola dihlahisweng tse hlokang matla le botsitso, mme o loketse thepa ya thermoset le dikompositi tse kang phenolics, melamine, epoxy, le SMC/BMC. Dithermoplastic tse ding, tse kang HDPE, PP, le PTFE, le tsona di ka sebetswa ka ho sebedisa mokgwa wa ho etsa dibopeho tsa kgatello tlasa maemo a itseng.
Ha ho nahanoa ka mekhoa ea tlhahiso, ho etsa moetso oa khatello ke khetho e sebetsang ha sehlahisoa se sa rarahana haholo, se hloka matla a matle a mechini, 'me se sebelisa thermoset kapa thepa e kopaneng. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa li-geometri tse rarahaneng le tlhahiso ea boima bo qaqileng, mokhoa o kang ho etsa moetso oa ente o ka ba o loketseng haholoanyane.
Haeba o rata, nka thusa ka ho eketsa: tafole ya papiso ya ho bopa ka kgatello khahlanong le ho bopa ka ente, mehlala ya diparamitha tsa tshebetso (mefuta ya mocheso/kgatello), kapa dikgothaletso tsa thepa tse itshetlehileng hodima sehlahiswa seo o batlang ho se etsa.
