Mokhoa oa ho Etsa Lipolasetiki tsa Vinyl le Tšebeliso ea Tsona ho Fatše
Polasetiki ea vinyl ke thepa ea polymer e sebelisoang haholo bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi, ho tloha likhoeleng tsa motlakase le liphaephe ho ea ho likoahelo tsa fatše. Kahong le moralo oa kahare, vinyl e tsebahala haholo ka ho tšoarella ha eona, bonolo ba tlhokomelo, le likhetho tse fapaneng tsa lipaterone. Leha ho le joalo, ka mor'a ponahalo ea eona e boreleli le ea sejoale-joale, vinyl e feta ts'ebetsong e telele ea tlhahiso ea lik'hemik'hale le tlhahiso. Sengoloa sena se tšohla ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea polasetiki ea vinyl (PVC) le kamoo thepa ena e sebelisoang kateng fatše.
Plastiki ea vinyl ke eng?
Poleloana "vinyl" indastering hangata e bolela PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), polymer e entsoeng ka monomer vinyl chloride (VCM). PVC ke thermoplastic - ho bolelang hore e ka nolofatsoa ka ho futhumatsoa le ho thatafatsoa hape ha e pholile. Thepa ena e etsa hore PVC e be bonolo ho e bopa hore e be lihlahisoa tse fapaneng.
PVC e ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse peli tse kholo:
1. PVC e tiileng (uPVC), mohlala bakeng sa liphaephe le liprofaele tsa lifensetere.
2. PVC e tenyetsehang, mohlala bakeng sa dithapo, letlalo la maiketsetso le fatshe la vinyl.
Bakeng sa litlhoko tsa fatše, PVC hangata e etsoa ka mokhoa o tenyetsehang kapa o tenyetsehang hanyane ka ho eketsa thepa e itseng e eketsehileng ho etsa hore e be bonolo ho hata le ho hanela khatello.
Thepa e tala ea mantlha bakeng sa ho etsa PVC
Ts'ebetso ea ho etsa polasetiki ea vinyl e qala mehloling e 'meli e meholo ea thepa e tala:
– Ethylene (ethylene) e tswang peteroleng kapa khase ya tlhaho.
– Chlorine hangata e fumanoa ho tsoa ho electrolysis ea letsoai (NaCl).
Motsoako oa tse peli o theha motheo oa ho thehoa ha monomer ea vinyl chloride (VCM), e leng thepa e fetoloang polymer ho ba PVC.
Mehato ea ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea polasetiki ea vinyl (PVC)
1. Tlhahiso ea chlorine le caustic soda (electrolysis ea letsoai)
Chlorine e fumanoa ka ho qhibilihisa electrolysis ea tharollo ea letsoai (brine). Ntle le chlorine, ts'ebetso ena e boetse e hlahisa caustic soda (NaOH) le hydrogen (H₂) e le lihlahisoa tse ling. Chlorine ena e tla sebelisoa mohatong o latelang ho hlahisa metsoako e mahareng.
2. Sebopeho sa EDC (Ethylene Dichloride)
Ethylene e arabela le chlorine ho theha EDC (1,2-dichloroethane). Karabelo ena e etsoa tlas'a maemo a laoloang, hangata ho sebelisoa catalyst ho netefatsa katleho ea eona. EDC ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea bohareng, kaha e ka "petsoha" ho hlahisa VCM.
Ho na le litsela tse peli tse akaretsang tsa ho theha EDC:
– Ho chlorine ka ho toba: ethylene + chlorine → EDC
– Oxychlorination: ethylene + HCl + O₂ → EDC + H₂O
Tsela ea oxychlorination e sebelisa HCl eo hangata e hlahang e le sehlahisoa se setseng, e leng se etsang hore e sebetse hantle le ho ba bonolo ho e sebelisa.
3. Tlhahiso ea VCM (Vinyl Chloride Monomer)
Ebe EDC e futhumatsoa ka mokhoa oa ho petsoha (pyrolysis) ho hlahisa:
– VCM (monomer ea vinyl chloride)
– HCl (hydrogen chloride) e le sehlahisoa se setseng
Hangata HCl e bopilweng e kgutlisetswa tshebetsong ya oxychlorination ho eketsa bokgoni le ho fokotsa ditshila.
VCM ke thepa e arabelang habonolo 'me e hloka ho sebetsoa ka mehato e tiileng ea tšireletso, kaha ke thepa e kotsi ha e pepesehetse bongata bo itseng.
4. Ho etsa hore VCM e be polymer ho PVC
Mohato oa bohlokoa tlhahisong ea polasetiki ea vinyl ke polymerization, e kenyeletsang ho kopanya li-monomer tsa VCM ka liketane tse telele tsa polymer (PVC). Polymerization e ka etsoa ka mekhoa e 'maloa:
– Ho polymerisation ea ho emisoa (e atileng haholo): e hlahisa resin ea PVC ka sebopeho sa granular e bonolo ho e sebetsana.
– Emulsion polymerization: e hlahisa dikarolwana tse tšesaane, tse atisang ho sebediswa bakeng sa ditshebediso tse itseng (mohlala, dikobo).
– Ho etsa polymerization ka bongata: ho hlahisa PVC e nang le litšobotsi tse ikhethang.
Sephetho ke resin ea PVC, e leng thepa ea motheo e kopanngoang le lintho tse tlatsetsang bakeng sa lihlahisoa tse fapaneng.
5. Ho kopanya: ho kopanya lintho tse eketsang ho fumana thepa e lakatsehang.
Resine e hloekileng ea PVC e thata ebile e robeha habonolo. Hore e lokele ho sebelisoa fatše, PVC e tlameha ho feta ts'ebetsong ea ho e kopanya le lisebelisoa tse ling tse kang:
– Plastiki: e etsa hore PVC e tenyetsehe haholoanyane ebile e phutholohe, e leng ea bohlokoa bakeng sa fatše ea vinyl e tenyetsehang.
– Sehatsetsi sa mocheso: se thibela PVC ho bola ha e futhumatsoa nakong ea ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso.
– Motlatsi (mohlala, calcium carbonate): e eketsa matla, e fokotsa litšenyehelo, 'me e ama ho teteana.
– Mebala le didae: di fana ka mmala kapa di thusa boleng ba pono.
– Li-additives tse thibelang mahlaseli a letsatsi le a antioxidant: li thibela ho fifala ha 'mala le ho tsofala ha thepa.
– Dintho tse thibelang malakabe: eketsa polokeho bakeng sa meaho.
Sebopeho sa di-additives tsena se etsa qeto ya boleng ba ho qetela ba mokatong wa vinyl, ho kenyeletswa le ho hanyetsa ho ngoapa, ho tenyetseha le botsitso ba boholo.
6. Ho etsa maqephe a vinyl kapa lithaele (tlhahiso ea maqephe/lithaele)
Hang ha motsoako o se o loketse, thepa e sebetsoa ka sebopeho sa yona sa ho qetela. Bakeng sa fatše, ka kakaretso ho na le mahlale a mangata a ho bopa:
– Ho Hlakola Dikhalendara: Motswako wa PVC o fetiswa ka hara dirolara tse kgolo ho etsa maqephe a botenya bo tshwanang. Mokgwa ona o tlwaelehile bakeng sa maqephe a vinyl.
– Extrusion: thepa e sutumelletsoa ka ntle ka seeing ho etsa profaele e itseng, ebe e batalatsoa.
– Ho tobetsa/ho lamination: mekhahlelo e 'maloa e kopanngoa hammoho ke khatello le mocheso.
Tlhahisong ea fatše ea sejoale-joale, fatše ea vinyl hangata e na le mekhahlelo e 'maloa (mekhahlelo e mengata), mohlala:
1. Lera le ka morao (lera le ka tlase): le thusa ho tsitsa le ho khomarela.
2. Lera la mantlha (moko-taba): le fana ka matla le sebopeho.
3. Lera la mekhabiso: lera la mokhabiso (lehong, lejoe, 'mabole, jj.).
4. Lera le se nang letho (lera le sireletsang): lera le bonaletsang le hanelang khohlano le mengoapo.
5. Seaparo se eketsehileng (sa boikhethelo): tšireletso e eketsehileng e thibelang matheba kapa e thibelang ho thella.
Tšebeliso ea vinyl fatše
Vinyl ke khetho e tsebahalang bakeng sa fatše hobane e kopanya botle le ts'ebetso. Tse ling tsa ts'ebeliso le melemo ea eona ke tsena:
1. Mokhoa o mong o theko e tlaase o nang le ponahalo ea boleng bo holimo
Fatše la vinyl le ka etsisa lehong, lejoe la tlhaho, esita le dipaterone tsa sejoale-joale ka theko e tlase ho feta thepa ea 'nete. Sena se etsa hore le lokele matlo, liofisi, mabenkele a mabenkele le libaka tse ling tsa khoebo.
2. Ha e kene metsi ebile e loketse libaka tse mongobo
Mefuta e mengata ea fatše ea vinyl e na le khanyetso e ntle ea metsi, e leng se etsang hore e ratoe haholo likhitsing, libakeng tsa ho hlatsoetsa liaparo le likamoreng tsa ho phomola. Leha ho le joalo, ho kenya boleng bo holimo ho bohlokoa ho thibela metsi ho kena ka manonyeletsong.
3. Ho bonolo ho hata le ho fokotsa molumo
Ha e bapisoa le ceramic, vinyl e atisa ho ba mofuthu le ho ba bonolo ka tlas'a maoto. Sebopeho se nang le mealo—haholo-holo se nang le foam backup—se ka boela sa thusa ho fokotsa molumo oa mehato, e leng se etsang hore kamore e ikutloe e phutholohile haholoanyane.
4. Tlhokomelo e bonolo
Lera la ho tlola la vinyl le etselitsoe ho se be le matheba le ho hloekisoa habonolo. Ka kakaretso, le lekane ho fiela le ho koropa ka sesepa se bonolo. Sena se etsa hore le lokele libaka tse nang le sephethephethe se seholo.
5. Ho kenya kapele mme ho fumaneha ka mefuta e fapaneng
Fatše ea vinyl e fumaneha ka mefuta e fapaneng:
– Moqolo/leqephe la vinyl (meqolo)
- Taele ea vinyl
– Tile ea Vinyl ea Mabothobotho/LVT
– Lepolanka la Vinyl/LVP la Mabothobotho
– SPC (Stone Plastic Composite) le WPC (Wood Plastic Composite) e leng mefuta ya fatshe e thehilweng ho PVC e nang le motheo o kopaneng bakeng sa botsitso bo betere.
Sebopeho sa sistimi ya ho tobetsa (notlele) se etsa hore ho kenngwa ho be bonolo ntle le sekhomaretsi, ha sebopeho sa ho lahla sekhomaretsi se loketse dibaka tse kgolo le tshebediso e boima.
6. Ho hanyetsa ho kgohlahala le mengwapo (ho itshetlehile ka lera la ho tsofala)
Ho tšoarella ha fatše la vinyl ho itšetlehile haholo ka botenya le boleng ba lera le senyehileng. Libaka tsa khoebo hangata li hloka lera le teteaneng le senyehileng ho thibela ho senyeha ka potlako.
Ho koala
Ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea polasetiki ea vinyl (PVC) e kenyelletsa mehato ea lik'hemik'hale ho tloha tlhahisong ea chlorine le karabelo le ethylene ho ea ho thehoeng ha VCM, polymerization ho ba PVC, ebe e kopanngoa le li-additives tse fapaneng ho fihlela litšobotsi tse lakatsehang. PVC e ntan'o thehoa ka mekhoa ea indasteri e kang calendering kapa lamination ho ea maqepheng kapa lithaele tse loketseng ho sebelisoa e le fatše.
Lefatšeng la moralo le kaho ea kahare, vinyl ke tharollo e sebetsang ea fatše hobane e tšoarella, e bonolo ho e hlokomela, ha e kenelle metsi, 'me e fana ka mefuta e mengata ea likhetho tse bonahalang. Ka ho utloisisa ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso le litšobotsi tsa thepa, re ka khetha ka bohlale mofuta o nepahetseng oa fatše ea vinyl bakeng sa litlhoko tsa sebaka le matla a ts'ebeliso.
Haeba o rata, nka eketsa karolo ea papiso ea mefuta ea fatše ea vinyl (LVT, SPC, WPC, roll) hammoho le likhothaletso tsa tšebeliso ea tsona malapeng, liofising le libakeng tsa khoebo.
