Thermodynamics - mathata le litharollo
Molao oa pele oa thermodynamics
1. Ho latela kerafo ea PV e ka tlase, karolelano ea mosebetsi e entsoeng ke khase ts'ebetsong ea I, ho ea mosebetsing o entsoeng ke khase ts'ebetsong ea II?
Tse tsejoang:
Mokhoa oa 1:
tsotellehe khatello (P) = 20 N/m2
Molumo oa pele (V)1) = lilithara tse 10 = 10 dm3 = 10x10-3 m3
Moqolo oa ho qetela (V)2) = lilithara tse 40 = 40 dm3 = 40x10-3 m3
Mokhoa oa 2:
Ts'ebetso (P) = 15 N/m2
Molumo oa pele (V)1) = lilithara tse 20 = 20 dm3 = 20x10-3 m3
Moqolo oa ho qetela (V)2) = lilithara tse 60 = 60 dm3 = 60x10-3 m3
Ho batloa: Karolelano ea mosebetsi o entsoeng ke khase
Tharollo:
Mosebetsi o entsoeng ke khase ts'ebetsong ea I:
W = P ΔV = P (V)2–V1) = (20)(40-10)(10-3 m3) = (20)(30)(10-3 m3) = (600)(10-3 m3) = 0.6 m3
Mosebetsi o entsoeng ke khase ts'ebetsong II:
W = P ΔV = P (V)2–V1) = (15)(60-20)(10-3 m3) = (15)(40)(10-3 m3) = (600)(10-3 m3) = 0.6 m3
Karolelano ea mosebetsi o entsoeng ke khase ts'ebetsong ea I le ts'ebetsong ea II:
0.6 limithara3 : 0.6 limithara3
1: 1
2.
Ho latela kerafo e ka tlase, mosebetsi o etsoang ke khase ea helium ts'ebetsong ea AB ke ofe?
Tse tsejoang:
Khatello (P) = 2 x 105 N / limithara2 = 2x105 Pascal
Molumo oa pele (V)1) = 5 cm3 = 5x10-6 m3
Moqolo oa ho qetela (V)2) = 15 cm3 = 15x10-6 m3
Ho batloa: Mosebetsi o entsoeng ke khase ts'ebetsong ea AB
Tharollo:
W = ∆P ∆V
W = P (V)2 - V1)
W = (2 x 105)(15 x 10-6 - 5 x 10-6)
W = (2 x 105)(10 x 10-6) = (2 x 105)(1 x 10-5)
W = 2 Joule
3.
Ho latela kerafo e ka tlase, mosebetsi o etsoang ts'ebetsong ea AB ke ofe?
Tse tsejoang:
Khatello ea pele (P)1) = 4 Pa = 4 N/m2
Khatello ea ho qetela (P)2) = 6 Pa = 6 N/m2
Molumo oa pele (V)1) = 2 m3
Moqolo oa ho qetela (V)2) = 4 m3
Ho batloa: mosebetsi o phethiloe ke sebetsa ab
Tharollo:
Mosebetsi o etsoang ke khase = sebaka se ka tlas'a kobeho ab
W = sebaka sa khutlotharo + sebaka sa khutlonnetsepa
W = ½ (6-4)(4-2) + 4(4-2)
W = ½ (2)(2) + 4(2)
W = 2 + 8
W = 10 Joule
4. Ho latela kerafo e ka tlase, mosebetsi o etsoang ts'ebetsong ke ofe ABCA.
Tharollo:
Mosebetsi (W) = Sebaka sa khutlotharo ABC
W = ½ (20-10)(6 x 105 - 2 x 105)
W = ½ (10)(4 x 105)
W = (5)(4 x 105)
W = 20 x 105
W = 2 x 106 Joule
5. Enjene e monya mocheso oa li-Joules tse 2000 mochesong o phahameng 'me e ntša mocheso oa li-Joules tse 1200 mochesong o tlase. Bokhoni ba enjene ke bofe?
Tse tsejoang:
Kenyelletso ea mocheso (Q)H) = 2000 Joule
Mocheso o hlahang (Q)L) = 1200 Joule
Mosebetsi o entsoeng ke enjene (W) = 2000 – 1200 = 800 Joules
Ho batloa: bokgoni (e)
Tharollo:
e = W / QH
e = 800/2000
e = 0.4 x 100%
e = 40%
6. Enjene e monya mocheso ho 960 Kelvin mme enjene e ntsha mocheso ho 576 Kelvin. Bokgoni ba enjene ke bofe.
Tse tsejoang:
Mocheso o phahameng (T)H) = 960 K
Mocheso o tlase (T)L) = 576 K
Oa Batla: bokgoni (e)
Tharollo:
Bokgoni ba enjene ea Carnot = 0.4 x 100% = 40%
7. Ho latela kerafo e ka tlase, mosebetsi o etsoang ke enjene ke 6000 Joules. Mocheso o ntshwang ke enjene ka potoloho ka 'ngoe ke ofe?
Tse tsejoang:
Mosebetsi (W) = 6000 Joule
Mocheso o phahameng (T)H) = 800 Kelvin
Mocheso o tlase (T)L) = 300 Kelvin
Oa Batla: mocheso o ntshwang ke enjene
tharollo :
Bokgoni ba Carnot (bo phethahetseng):
Mocheso o monngoang ke enjene ea Carnot:
W = e Q1
6000 = (0.625) Q1
Q1 = 6000/0.625
Q1 = 9600
Mocheso o ntshwang ke enjene ea Carnot:
Q2 =Q1 - W
Q2 = 9600 - 6000
Q2 = 3600 Joule
8. Bokgoni ba enjene ya Carnot ke 40%. Haeba mocheso o monyela ho 727°C, jwale mocheso o tlase ke ofe.
Tse tsejoang:
Bokgoni (e) = 40% = 40/100 = 0.4
Mocheso o phahameng (T)H= 727oC + 273 = 1000 K
Ho batloa: Mocheso o tlase
Tharollo:
TL = 600 Kelvin – 273 = 327oC
9. Ho latela kerafo e ka tlase, haeba enjene e monya 800 J ea mocheso, mosebetsi o etsoang ke enjene ke ofe.
Tse tsejoang:
Mocheso o phahameng (T)H) = 600 Kelvin
Mocheso o tlase (T)L) = 250 Kelvin
Kenyelletso ea mocheso (Q)1) = 800 Joule
Oa Batla: Mosebetsi (W)
Tharollo:
Bokgoni ba enjene ea Carnot:
Mosebetsi o entsoe ke enjene:
W = e Q1
W = (7/12)(800 Joule)
W = 466.7 Joule
10. Mocheso o phahameng oa enjene ea Carnot ke 600 K. Haeba enjene e monya 600 J ea mocheso 'me mocheso o tlase e le 400 K, mosebetsi o etsoang ke enjene ke ofe?
Tse tsejoang:
Mocheso o tlase (T)L) = 400 K
Mocheso o phahameng (T)H) = 600 K
Kenyelletso ea mocheso (Q)1) = 600 Joule
Oa Batla: Mosebetsi o entsoe ka enjene ea Carnot (W)
Tharollo:
Bokgoni ba enjene ea Carnot:
Mosebetsi o entsoe ke enjene ea Carnot:
W = e Q1
W = (1/3)(600) = 200 Joule
- Sepheo se seholo sa thermodynamics ke sefe? karabo: Thermodynamics e shebane le thuto ea matla, liphetoho tsa 'ona, le kamano ea 'ona le lintho tse bonahalang, haholo-holo litsamaisong tse leka-lekaneng.
- Molao oa lefela oa thermodynamics o amana joang le mocheso? karabo: Molao oa lefela o bolela hore haeba litsamaiso tse peli li le boemong ba ho leka-lekana ha mocheso le tsamaiso ea boraro, joale li boemong ba ho leka-lekana ha mocheso. Sena se bolela boteng ba thepa e bitsoang mocheso, e leng se tšoanang bakeng sa litsamaiso tsohle boemong ba ho leka-lekana ha mocheso.
- Molao oa pele oa thermodynamics o hlalosa eng? karabo: Molao oa pele, o tsejoang hape e le molao oa paballo ea matla, o bolela hore matla a ke ke a bōptjoa kapa a timetsoa, a fetoloa feela ho tloha sebopehong se seng ho ea ho se seng. Tsamaisong e koetsoeng, phetoho ea matla a ka hare e lekana le mocheso o ekelitsoeng tsamaisong ntle le mosebetsi o etsoang ke sistimi tikolohong ea eona.
- Ke hobane'ng ha molao oa bobeli oa thermodynamics o le bohlokoa bakeng sa ho utloisisa tataiso ea lits'ebetso tsa tlhaho? karabo: Molao oa bobeli o bolela hore entropy (kapa pherekano) ea sistimi e arohaneng e lula e eketseha kapa e lula e sa fetohe. Sena se laela hore matla a hasane ka boiketsetso haeba a sa sitisoe ho etsa joalo, a fana ka tataiso ea lits'ebetso tsa tlhaho 'me ha e le hantle a hlalosa hore na ke hobane'ng ha lits'ebetso tse itseng li etsahala ka boiketsetso ha tse ling li sa etsahale.
- Entropy ke eng, hona e amana joang le ho se tsitse tsamaisong? karabo: Entropy ke tekanyo ea bongata ba matla tsamaisong e sa fumaneheng ho etsa mosebetsi. Hangata e hlalosoa e le tekanyo ea pherekano kapa ho se tsitse ha tsamaiso. Ka kakaretso, entropy e phahameng e tsamaellana le pherekano e kholo kapa ho se tsitse.
- Molao oa boraro oa thermodynamics o hlalosa entropy ea kristale e phethahetseng ho lefela le feletseng joang? karabo: Molao oa boraro o bolela hore entropy ea kristale e phethahetseng ke zero hantle mochesong o felletseng oa zero (0 Kelvin). Sena se bolela hore mochesong ona, sistimi e hlophisitsoe hantle.
- Ke hobane'ng ha mocheso o sa khone ho phalla ho tloha 'meleng o batang ho ea 'meleng o chesang haholoanyane ka boona? karabo: Boitšoaro bona ke phello ea molao oa bobeli oa thermodynamics. Haeba mocheso o ne o ka phalla ho tloha 'meleng o batang ho ea ho o chesang haholoanyane ka boithatelo, o ne o tla lebisa ho fokotseha ha entropy ka kakaretso ea sistimi, e sa ratoeng ke lits'ebetso tsa tlhaho.
- Phapang ke efe pakeng tsa sistimi e arohaneng, e koetsoeng, le e bulehileng ho thermodynamics? karabo: Sistimi e arohaneng ha e fapanyetsane matla kapa ntho e itseng le tikoloho ea eona. Sistimi e koetsoeng e ka fapanyetsana matla empa ha e na taba le tikoloho ea eona. Sistimi e bulehileng e ka fapanyetsana matla le ntho e itseng le tikoloho ea eona.
- Khopolo ea "mosebetsi" thutong ea thermodynamics e fapane joang le tšebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea lentsoe lena? karabo: Thutong ea thermodynamics, "mosebetsi" o bolela mokhoa oa phetisetso ea matla moo matla a sebelisoang nthong a e tsamaisang ka lehlakoreng le bapileng le matla. Mohlala, ha khase e atoloha khahlanong le piston, e sebetsa pistonng. Ena ke tlhaloso e tobileng haholoanyane ha e bapisoa le tšebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea "mosebetsi," e ka 'nang ea bolela mosebetsi kapa mosebetsi ofe kapa ofe.
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Potoloho ea Carnot ke eng, hona ke hobane'ng ha e le ea bohlokoa ho thermodynamics? karabo: Potoloho ea Carnot ke potoloho ea thermodynamic e loketseng e fanang ka moeli o phahameng oa katleho eo enjene efe kapa efe ea thermodynamic ea khale e ka e fihlelang nakong ea phetoho ea mocheso hore e sebetse (kapa ka tsela e fapaneng). E bohlokoa hobane e beha moeli oa motheo oa katleho o thehiloeng mochesong oa matamo a mocheso ao enjene e sebetsang pakeng tsa ona.
