Khopolo -taba ea kinetic e bolela hore ntho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e entsoe ka liathomo kapa limolek'hule le hore liathomo kapa limolek'hule li tsamaea ka mokhoa o sa tsotelleng. Khopolo-taba ena ea khopolo-taba ea kinetic e tsamaellana le boemo le boemo ba athomo kapa molek'hule ea karolo ea khase. Matla a ho hohelana pakeng tsa liathomo kapa limolek'hule tse etsang khase a fokola hoo liathomo kapa limolek'hule li ka tsamaeang ka bolokolohi.
Ha ho tsamauoa, liathomo kapa limolek'hule li na le lebelo. Liathomo kapa limolek'hule le tsona li na le boima. Hobane e na le boima (m) le lebelo (v), joale athomo kapa molek'hule e na le matla a kinetic (KE) le momentum (p). Matla a Kinetic: KE = 1/2 mv 2 . Ha momentum: p = m v. Ntle le matla a kinetic le momentum, ho boetse ho na le matla (F). Ha ho tsamauoa ka bolokolohi, ho tlameha ho etsahala likhohlano. Kahoo, matla a eketseha ka lebaka la liphetoho momentum ha ho etsahala khohlano. Matla a Kinetic, momentum, le matla a impulse ke motheo oa puisano ea rona ea matla (melao ea motsamao, impulse, le momentum). Re ka re khopolo-taba ea kinetic ea likhase e sebelisa matla a athomo kapa a limolek'hule.
Khopolo-taba e Nepahetseng ea Khase (e ipapisitse le thepa ea macroscopic ea khase)
Puisanong ea melao ea khase, ho hlalositsoe ka bongata bo tharo bo bolelang mofuta oa khase ea 'nete o moholo. Bongata bo tharo bo botsoang ke Mocheso (T), Moqolo (V) le khatello (P). Kamano pakeng tsa bongata bona bo tharo bo moholo e boletsoe Molaong oa Boyle, molaong oa Charles, le molaong oa Gay Lussac. Ka kopo hlokomela hore melao ena e meraro e sebetsa feela ho khase ea 'nete e nang le khatello le bongata (bongata = boima/bophahamo) bo seng boholo haholo. Melao ena e meraro e boetse e sebetsa feela ho khase ea 'nete eo mocheso oa eona o seng haufi le ntlha ea ho belisa.
Molao oa Boyle, molao oa Charles, le molao oa Gay-Lussac ha li sebetse maemong 'ohle a 'nete a khase e le hore re ka etsa mohlala o motle oa khase. Khase e ntle ha e eo bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi; khase e ntle ke mofuta o phethahetseng o etselitsoeng ho thusa tlhahlobo ea rona, joalo ka 'mele e tiileng le e metsi e loketseng. Kahoo, re nahana ka molao oa Boyle, molao oa Charles le molao oa Gay-Lussac li sebetsa maemong 'ohle a loketseng a khase. Boteng ba mohlala o motle oa khase bo re thusa ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa bongata ba khase bo boholo.
Molao o loketseng oa khase o hlalosoa ka li-equation tse peli, PV = nRT (molao o loketseng oa khase palong ea li-mole) le PV = NkT (molao o loketseng oa khase palong ea limolek'hule). Re nahana hore khase e loketseng e fihlela li-equation tsena tse peli. Ka mantsoe a mang, molao o loketseng oa khase o sebetsa maemong 'ohle a loketseng a khase, ebang khatello kapa boima ba khase bo boholo kapa ha mocheso o loketseng oa khase o atamela ntlha ea ho belisa. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, molao o loketseng oa khase ha o sebetse maemong 'ohle a 'nete a khase. Molao o loketseng oa khase o sebetsa feela ha khatello le boima ba khase ea 'nete li se kholo haholo. Molao o loketseng oa khase o boetse o sebetsa feela ha mocheso oa khase ea 'nete o se haufi le ntlha ea ho belisa. Ho latela tlhaloso ena e khutšoanyane, re ka re khase ea 'nete e na le thepa e tšoanang le khase e loketseng feela ha boima ba 'nete,
'me khatello ea khase ha e kholo haholo 'me ha mocheso oa khase oa sebele o se haufi le ntlha ea ho belisa.
Khopolo ea khase e loketseng e hlalositsoeng kaholimo e hlahlojoa ho latela thepa ea macroscopic. Le hoja khase e loketseng e le mohlala o loketseng feela, khase e loketseng e ntse e nkoa e le khase e nang le liathomo kapa limolek'hule tse tsamaeang ka bolokolohi. Ka hona, ho ka ba monate haeba re ka boela ra buisana ka khopolo ea khase e loketseng ho tsoa ponong ea microscopic.
Khopolo-taba e Nepahetseng ea Khase (e ipapisitse le thepa e nyenyane ea khase)
Tse latelang ke litlhaloso tse khutšoanyane tse hlalosang maemo a manyane a khase e ntle, a thehiloeng khopolo-taba ea Kinetic ea Khase:
1. Khase e loketseng e na le dikarolwana, tse bitswang dimolekhule. Dimolekhule tse loketseng tsa khase di ka kenyeletsa athomo e le nngwe kapa diathomo tse mmalwa. Molekhule ka mong o na le boima (m) mme o tsamaya ka mokhoa o sa reroang ka lehlakoreng lefe kapa lefe ka lebelo le itseng (v).
2. Sebaka se pakeng tsa molek'hule ka 'ngoe se phahame ho feta bophara ba molek'hule ka 'ngoe.
3. Limolek'hule tsena li mamela melao ea motsamao 'me li sebelisana ha ho thulana.
4. Ho thulana pakeng tsa limolek'hule le limolek'hule kapa pakeng tsa limolek'hule tse nang le lebota la setshelo ke ho thulana ho phethahetseng, 'me ho thulana ho hong le ho hong ho etsahala ka nako e khutšoanyane.
Ho thulana ho phethahetseng, molao oa paballo ea matla oa sebetsa (matla pele ho thulana = matla kamora ho thulana) le molao oa paballo ea momentum (momentum pele ho thulana = momentum kamora ho thulana).
Tlhahlobo ea khohlano ea maikutlo bakeng sa khopolo-taba ea kinetic ea likhase
Hlahloba kamano ea bongata pakeng tsa bongata ba macroscopic le bongata ba microscopic ba khase. Bongata bo bolelang mofuta oa macroscopic oa khase ke mocheso (T), bophahamo (V) le khatello (P). Leha bongata bo bolelang mofuta oa microscopic oa khase ke lebelo kapa lebelo (v), momentum (p), matla (F) le matla a kinetic (EK) a liathomo kapa limolek'hule tse etsang khase.
Re hlahloba limolek'hule tse ling tsa khase ka har'a setshelo se koetsoeng. Bolelele ba lehlakore la lebokose = l le sebaka se tšekaletseng = A.
Limolek'hule li na le boima (m) 'me, ha li tsamaea, molek'hule e na le lebelo (v). Hobane setshelo se koetsoe, ho na le monyetla oa ho thulana pakeng tsa limolek'hule le lebota la sekepe le nang le sebaka sa bokaholimo ba A.
Ho nolofatsa tlhahlobo, re sheba feela ho thulana ho etsahalang leboteng le letšehali (lebota le bapileng le mothapo oa z). Taba ea pele, re buisana ka ho thulana ho hlahelang molek'hule e le 'ngoe. E bitse molek'hule 1. Boima ba molek'hule = m1 le lebelo la motsamao = v1. Tsela ea motsamao ho ea ka letsohong le letšehali e behiloe hore e be mpe, ha tsela ea motsamao ho ea ka letsohong le letona e behiloe hore e be ntle.
Re ka nahana hore pele re thulana le lebota la setshelo, motsamao wa dimolekhule o bapile le x-axis le tataiso ya motsamao ho ya ka letsohong le letshehadi. Ka hona, ho na le karolo ya lebelo ho x-axis e leng negative (-v).1xHobane e na le boima (m1) le lebelo (-v1x), molek'hule e na le matla a ho sisinyeha (p1 = -m1 v1x). Ena ke lebelo la pele. Ha e thulana le lebota, molek'hule e fana ka matla a ketso leboteng. Hobane ho na le matla a ketso, lebota le fana ka matla a karabelo. Matla a karabelo a tsoang leboteng a etsa hore molek'hule e bonahale ka letsohong le letona. Ka lebaka la tataiso ea motsamao ho ea ka ho le letona, karolo ea lebelo la molek'hule e ntle (v1xMotsamao oa limolek'hule ka mor'a ho thulana ke p2 = m1 v1xEna ke motsotso oa ho qetela.
Boholo ba phetoho ea lebelo ka lebaka la likhohlano ke:
Motlakase o felletseng = motlakase oa ho qetela—motlakase oa pele
kakaretso ea p = p 2 – p 1
kakaretso ea p = m 1 v 1x – (-m 1 v 1x )
kakaretso ea p = 2m 1 v 1x
2m 1 v 1x = motsamao o felletseng bakeng sa ho thulana ho le hong. Hobane ho thulana ha limolek'hule ke ho thulana ho phethahetseng, ho thulana ho etsahala eseng hanngoe feela, empa khafetsa. Ho thulana ho phethahetseng, molao oa paballo ea matla le molao oa paballo ea motsamao oa sebetsa. Matla le motsamao pele ho ho thulana = matla le motsamao ka mor'a ho thulana. Ka hona, molek'hule e ke ke ea emisa ho tsamaea (matla a sa feleng). Lebelo la limolek'hule le lona ha le fokotsehe (motsamao o tsoela pele).
Ka mora ho thulana le lebota le letšehali, molek'hule e fallela ka letsohong le letona ho fihlela e fihla leboteng le letona. Ka mora ho thulana le lebota le letona, molek'hule e khutlela ka letsohong le letšehali mme e fihla leboteng le letšehali hape. Hobane bolelele ba lehlakore la lebokose = l, ebe ka mora ho thulana le lebota le letšehali ka lekhetlo la pele, molek'hule e tla tsamaea sebaka sa 2l pele e thulana le lebota le letšehali ka lekhetlo la bobeli. Ha e fallela ho fihlela ho 2l, limolek'hule li tlameha ho hloka nako e itseng ( Δt ). Nako eo molek'hule e hlokang ho e tsamaisa ho fihlela ho 2l , ke ea lipalo:
Δt ke nako e pakeng tsa ho thulana ho hong le ho hong. Ha e thulana le lebota, molek'hule e fana ka matla a ketso leboteng. Ka lebaka la matla a ketso, lebota le fana ka matla a karabelo. Boteng ba matla ana a karabelo bo etsa hore molek'hule e tsamaee hape ka ho le letona. Tabeng ena, tataiso ea motsamao oa limolek'hule ea fetoha. Qalong, molek'hule e fallela ka letsohong le letšehali (-v1x), ka mor'a ho thulana le lebota, molek'hule e fallela ka ho le letona (v 1x ). Liphetoho tseleng ea motsamao li baka liphetoho motsamaong (momentum oa ho qetela - momentum oa pele = m 1 v 1x – (-m 1 v 1x ) = 2m 1 v 1x ). Re ka re phetoho momentum e etsahala ka lebaka la matla a felletseng a fanoang ke lebota. Bongata ba matla a felletseng a fanoeng ke lebota, ka lipalo:
Ka lebokoseng le ka holimo, ho hlalositsoe molek'hule e le 'ngoe feela. Sena ha se bolele hore ho na le molek'hule e le 'ngoe feela ea khase ka lebokoseng. Ha e le hantle, ho na le limolek'hule tse ngata tsa khase. Palo ea matla a felletseng bakeng sa limolek'hule tsohle tsa khase ka lebokoseng, ka lipalo:
F = F 1 + F 2 + F 3 + ….. + F n
F 1 = matla a felletseng bakeng sa molek'hule 1
F 2 = matla a felletseng bakeng sa molek'hule 2
F 3 = matla a felletseng bakeng sa molek'hule 3
…… = le tse ding
F n = matla a felletseng bakeng sa limolek'hule 4
n = molek'hule ea ho qetela.
m1 = boima ba limolek'hule 1, m2 = boima ba limolek'hule 2, m3 = boima ba limolek'hule 3, mn = boima ba molek'hule ea ho qetela. m1 +m2 +m3 + ….. + mn = m (boima ba khase ka lebokoseng). l = bolelele ba lehlakore la lebokose.
v 12x = lebelo la molek'hule 1, v 22 x = lebelo la molek'hule 2, v 33 x = lebelo la molek'hule 3, v n2 x = lebelo la molek'hule ea ho qetela. Lebelo la molek'hule ka 'ngoe lea fapana, kahoo re hloka ho bala lebelo le tloaelehileng la limolek'hule tsohle. Ho bala lebelo le tloaelehileng la molek'hule, re ka arola lebelo la limolek'hule tsohle ka palo ea limolek'hule. Khopolo-taba ea kinetic ea khase, palo ea limolek'hule hangata e fuoa letšoao la N. Ka lipalo, lebelo le tloaelehileng la limolek'hule tsohle le ngotsoe:
Re kopanya equation b le equation a:
F = matla, m = boima ba likhase, l = bolelele ba lehlakore la lebokose, N = palo ea limolek'hule.
Tlhalosong e fetileng, ho nahanoa hore motsamao oa limolek'hule o bapileng le x-axis. Polelo ena e entsoe ho nolofatsa tlhahlobo ea rona. Ha e le hantle, limolek'hule tsohle tsa khase ka lebokoseng ha li tsamaee ka tsela efe kapa efe ka mokhoa o sa reroang. Hobane motsamao o etsahala ka mokhoa o sa reroang, ntle le ho ba le karolo ea lebelo le tloaelehileng ho x-axis, molek'hule e boetse e na le karolo ea lebelo le tloaelehileng ho y-axis kapa z-axis. Kahoo, lebelo le tloaelehileng la molek'hule ea khase = palo eohle ea likarolo tsa lebelo le tloaelehileng ho x-axis, y-axis, le z-axis. Ka lipalo:
Ka lebaka la hore limolek'hule li tsamaea ka mokhoa o sa reroang, likarolo tsa lebelo ho x-axis, y-axis, le z-axis li na le boholo bo tšoanang.
Re kopanya equation ea 2 le equation ea 1 :
Re kopanya equation ea 3 le equation e n c :
F = bongata ba matla a sebelisoang ke limolek'hule tsa khase leboteng la setshelo, se nang le sebaka sa bokaholimo ba A.
Kamano pakeng tsa khatello (P) le boholo bo nyenyane haholo
Kgatelelo (P) ke bongata bo bolelang mofuta o moholo wa kgase. Tlhahlobo Kgatelelo e itshetlehileng hodima thepa e nyane ya kgase. Bongata ba kgatelelo bo fanwang ke molek'hule ya kgase leboteng le nang le sebaka sa A se nang le karolo e tsheletseng ke:
P = khatello, N = palo ea limolek'hule tsa khase, m = boima, v = Lebelo le tloaelehileng la molek'hule, V = bophahamo ba setshelo
