Theorem ea equiparation ea eneji e nkiloe ka khopolo-taba ke Clerk Maxwell a sebelisa mechanics ea lipalo-palo. E bitsoa theorem hobane ha ho na bopaki ka liteko. Karohano ea eneji e bolela kabo e lekanang ea eneji.
KE = karolelano ea matla a kinetic a phetolelo ea limolek'hule tsa khase (Joule)
k = Boltzmann's kamehla = 1.38 x 10 -23 J/K
T = mocheso o feletseng oa molek'hule e loketseng ea khase (Kelvin)
Matla a kinetic a phetolelo a nkuwa motsamaong wa phetolelo o nang le dikarolo tse tharo tsa lebelo, e leng karolo ya lebelo ho x-axis, y-axis, le z-axis. Ho na le dikarolo tse tharo tsa lebelo lena, moo ho nang le nomoro ya 3 ho equation e ka hodimo. Karolo ka nngwe ya lebelo e bitswa tekanyo ya tokoloho. Hobane e na le dikarolo tse tharo tsa lebelo, matla a kinetic a phetolelo a na le di-degree tse 3 tsa tokoloho.
Theorem ea likarolo tsa matla e bolela hore matla a 'nete a lokela ho aroloa ka ho lekana ka maemo 'ohle a tokoloho. Kahoo, matla a tloaelehileng bakeng sa tekanyo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tokoloho ke 1/2 kT.
Limolek'hule tsa khase ea monatomic
Limolek'hule tsa khase ea monatomiki li etsa motsamao oa phetolelo feela e le hore limolek'hule tsa khase ea monatomiki li be le likhato tse 3 tsa tokoloho.
Matla a tloaelehileng a kinetic bakeng sa molek'hule e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea khase ea monatomic ke:
3 (1/2 kT) = 3/2 kT = 3/2 nRT.
Bokhoni ba mocheso ba limolek'hule tsa khase ea monatomic:
C = 3/2 R = 3/2 (8.315 J / mol. K) = 12.47 J/Kg. K
Limolek'hule tsa khase tsa diatomic
Ntle le motsamao oa phetolelo, limolek'hule tsa khase ea diatomic le tsona li etsa potoloho le thothomelo. Palo ea likhato tsa tokoloho bakeng sa motsamao oa phetolelo = 3. Tekanyo ea tokoloho bakeng sa motsamao oa potoloho le thothomelo ke efe?
Ho na le li-axe tse tharo tsa ho potoloha, e leng li-axe tsa x, y, le Z. Motsamao oa ho potoloha ho x-axis ha o baloe hobane liathomo tse peli li tsamaellana le axis ea ho potoloha. Ha e tsamaellana le x-axis, motsotso oa inertia oa liathomo tse peli = 0. Kahoo, palo ea likhato tsa tokoloho bakeng sa motsamao oa ho potoloha = 2.
Matla a tloaelehileng bakeng sa molek'hule e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea khase ea diatomic ke:
3 (1/2 kT) + 2 (1/2 kT) = 5/2 kT = 5/2 n R T.
Bokgoni ba mocheso ba dimolek'hule tsa khase tsa diatomic:
C = 5/2 R = 5/2 (8.315 J / mol. K) = 20.79 J / Kg. K
Bokgoni ba mocheso ba limolek'hule bo fumanweng ka khopolo-taba bo boholo ho feta bokgoni ba mocheso ba limolek'hule tsa khase tsa diatomic tse fumanweng ka liteko.
Ha ho etsoa motsamao oa ho thothomela, limolek'hule tsa khase ea diatomic li na le mefuta e 'meli ea matla, e leng matla a kinetic le matla a elastic potential. Kahoo, palo ea likhato tsa tokoloho bakeng sa motsamao oa ho thothomela = 2.
Matla a tloaelehileng bakeng sa molek'hule e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea khase ea diatomic ke:
3 (1/2 kT) + 2 (1/2 kT) + 2 (1/2 kT) = 7/2 kT = 7/2 n R T.
Bokgoni ba mocheso ba dimolek'hule tsa khase tsa diatomic:
C = 7/2 R = 7/2 (8,315 J / mol. K) = 29.1 J / Kg. K
Tšusumetso ea motsamao oa ho thothomela boleng ba bokhoni ba mocheso ba limolek'hule tsa khase ea diatomic le eona e itšetlehile ka mocheso o fapaneng (T). Liteko tse entsoeng pele li etsahala mochesong o seng o pharaletseng haholo. Liteko tsa morao tjena tse entsoeng mochesong o pharaletseng li bontša hore boleng ba mocheso oa limolek'hule tsa khase bo itšetlehile ka mocheso o fapaneng. Ho utloisisa bothata bona hamolemo, ha re hlahlobeng phapang ea bokhoni ba mocheso ba limolek'hule tsa khase ea haedrojene mochesong o fapaneng.
Haedrojene (H₂) e kenyelletsa khase ea diatomic. Setšoantšo se ka lehlakoreng se bontša phapang ea bokhoni ba mocheso ba limolek'hule tsa khase ea haedrojene mochesong o fapaneng. Boleng ba bokhoni ba mocheso ba limolek'hule ke 5/2 R = 20.79 J/Kg. K e maemong a mocheso a ka bang 250 K ho isa ho 750 K. Ka tlase ho 250 K, bokhoni ba mocheso ba limolek'hule tsa khase ea haedrojene bo fokotseha khafetsa ho fihlela li fihla ho 3/2 R = 12.47 J/Kg. K. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ka holimo ho 750 K, bokhoni ba mocheso ba limolek'hule tsa khase bo eketseha nako le nako ho fihlela li fihla ho 7/2 R = 29.1 J/Kg. K.
Ho latela taba ena, re ka re maemong a tlase a mocheso, limolek'hule tsa khase li etsa motsamao oa phetolelo feela. Kamora hore mocheso o nyolohe, limolek'hule tse ncha tsa khase li etsa motsamao oa potoloho. Maemong a phahameng a mocheso, limolek'hule tsa khase lia thulana hoo liathomo li thothomelang. Kahoo, mefuta ena e meraro ea motsamao e etsoa ka mekhahlelo, pele ke motsamao oa phetolelo feela (mocheso o tlase), kamora moo ke phetolelo + potoloho (mocheso o mahareng) le phetolelo ea ho qetela + potoloho + thothomelo (mocheso o phahameng). Motsamao oa ho thothomela o etsahala feela haeba limolek'hule tsa khase li thulana.
Maemo a kang ana ha a etsahale feela ka khase ea haedrojene, empa le ka likhase tse ling. Ho tsoa litekong tse entsoeng ke bo-rasaense, bokhoni ba mocheso ba limolek'hule tsa khase le bona bo atisa ho fetoha ho latela mocheso. Liphetoho tse hlahang li tšoana le tse bonoang ke khase ea haedrojene, empa hobane sebopeho sa khase ka 'ngoe se fapane (palo le mofuta oa liathomo lia fapana), liphetoho tsa bokhoni ba mocheso le tsona li etsahala maemong a fapaneng a mocheso.
Teori ea likarolo tsa matla e bolela hore matla ohle a tlameha ho aroloa ka ho lekana bakeng sa tekanyo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tokoloho. Matla a eketsehileng a fumanoang ke limolek'hule tsa khase ha a aroloe ka ho lekana bakeng sa tekanyo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tokoloho empa a aroloa butle-butle. Ho feta moo, equation ea bokhoni ba mocheso oa limolek'hule ba khase eo re e fumaneng ka khopolo-taba e ipapisitse le khopolo-taba ea kinetic ea khase,
e bolela hore bokgoni ba mocheso ba molek'hule bo itshetlehile feela ho R (1/2 R bakeng sa tekanyo e nngwe le e nngwe ya tokoloho). Bokgoni ba mocheso ba molek'hule le bona bo angwa ke mocheso (T).
Ho ka fihlellwa qeto, pele, hore khopolo-taba ea equipartition e nkiloe ho mechanics ea lipalo-palo ea khale, e thehiloeng melaong ea mechanics ea Newtonian. Ea bobeli, khopolo-taba ea kinetic ea khase eo re e sebelisang ho hlalosa metsamao ea limolek'hule tsa khase le eona e thehiloe melaong ea mechanics ea Newtonian. Hobane khopolo-taba ea equipartition ea energy equipartition le khopolo-taba ea kinetic ea likhase li tlōtsoe, ho ka fihleloa qeto ea hore melao ea Newton ea mechanics ha e khone ho hlalosa metsamao e etsahalang boemong ba athomo kapa ba limolek'hule. Ka mantsoe a mang, mechanics ea Newtonian kapa mechanics ea khale e ka hlalosa feela motsamao oa taba e kholo.
