Theknoloji ea ho Sibolla Mafura a Liphoofolo
Mafura a liphoofolo ke thepa ea bohlokoa indastering ea lijo le e seng ea lijo. Lefapheng la lijo, mafura a liphoofolo a sebelisoa ho ntlafatsa tatso, ho ntlafatsa sebopeho, le ho fetisa monko lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tse sebetsitsoeng. Lefapheng la lijo, mafura a liphoofolo a sebelisoa e le thepa e tala bakeng sa sesepa, likerese, litlolo, esita le biodiesel. Hobane a ka angoa ke ho bola ka lebaka la oxidation 'me a ka ba le litšila, mafura a liphoofolo a hloka theknoloji e nepahetseng ea ts'ebetso ho netefatsa polokeho, botsitso le boleng bo fihlelang litlhoko tsa indasteri. Sengoloa sena se tšohla likhopolo, mekhahlelo ea ts'ebetso, le mahlale a bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea mafura a liphoofolo.
Litšobotsi le Mehloli ea Mafura a Liphoofolo
Ka kakaretso, mafura a liphoofolo a tsoa liseleng tsa mafura (mafura) le likarolong tsa liphoofolo tse nang le mafura a mangata, joalo ka letlalo, litho tse itseng, le litšila tsa ntlo ea ho hlabela. Mehlala e kenyelletsa tallow (mafura a nama ea khomo/buffalo), mafura a kolobe (mafura a kolobe), mafura a khoho le oli ea tlhapi. Sebopeho sa asiti e mafura se fapana ho ea ka mehloli; tallow e atisa ho ba le mafura a mangata a mangata 'me ka hona e tiile haholoanyane mochesong oa kamore, ha oli ea tlhapi e na le mafura a mangata a sa koaheloang (ho kenyeletsoa le omega-3s) 'me ka hona e kotsing ea ho oxidation.
Litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa tsa mafura a liphoofolo tse hlokang ho utloisisoa nakong ea ts'ebetso li kenyelletsa ntlha ea ho qhibiliha, boleng ba iodine (sesupo sa ho se lekane), tekanyo ea mafura a mahala (FFA), tekanyo ea metsi, le litšila tse kang liprotheine, phospholipids le mebala. Litekanyetso tsena li khetholla mekhoa e hlokahalang ea ho hloekisa le ho tsitsisa.
Morero oa Theknoloji ea Ts'ebetso
Theknoloji ea ho sebetsana le mafura a liphoofolo e shebane le lipakane tse 'maloa tse ka sehloohong: (1) ho arola mafura ho lisele le metsi, (2) ho fokotsa litšila le litšila, (3) ho eketsa botsitso khahlanong le oxidation le hydrolysis, (4) ho tlosa monko o sa batleheng le mebala, le (5) ho fetola thepa ea 'mele ea mafura ho latela lits'ebetso tse itseng, joalo ka margarine, kgutsufatso, kapa oleochemical feedstock.
Mokhahlelo oa Pele ho Ts'ebetso: Ho Tšoara Lintho tse Tala
Boleng ba mafura bo itshetlehile haholo ka ho tshwarwa ha thepa e tala. Mafura a siuwang mochesong o phahameng kapa nako e telele haholo pele a sebetswa a tla ba le sebopeho sa FFA ka lebaka la mosebetsi wa lipase le dikokwana-hloko, hammoho le oxidation, e hlahisang menko e ruruhileng. Ka hona, mekgwa e metle e kenyelletsa ho phodisa thepa e tala, ho hlwekisa disebediswa, ho arola dikarolo tse silafetseng haholo, le ho sebetswa kapele kamoo ho ka kgonehang. Dibakeng tsa ho bolaya, mafura a setseng le dinama tse nyane hangata di bokellwa ka thoko ebe di iswa yuniting ya ho hlahisa.
Ho hlahisa: Ts'ebetso e ka Sehloohong ea ho Ntša Mafura
Ho etsa rendering ke mokhoa oa ho futhumatsa ho ntša mafura liseleng. Ha e le hantle, ho etsa rendering ho arotsoe ka mekhoa e 'meli e meholo:
1. Tlhahiso e Omileng
Ha ho etsoa omileng, thepa e tala e futhumatsoa ntle le ho eketsa metsi ka har'a boiler kapa ho boloka sistimi e tsoelang pele ea ho futhumatsa. Ho futhumatsa ho etsa hore lisele tsa mafura li tabohe 'me li lokolle mafura, ha liprotheine le lisele tse seng mafura li omella, li etsa "maqhutsu," kapa lintho tse setseng tse tiileng. Mafura a metsi a aroloa ka ho sefa kapa ho hatelloa. Mokhoa ona o hlahisa mafura a nang le mongobo o tlase, empa o na le kotsi e kholo ea ho sootho le monko o matla haeba mocheso o phahame haholo.
2. Tlhahiso e Metsi
Ho etsa hore mafura a be bonolo ho sebedisa metsi kapa mouoane ho thusa ho ntsha mafura. Tshebetso ena e atisa ho ba bonolo, e fokotsa ho senyeha ha mocheso, empa e hlahisa emulsion ya metsi a mafura e hlokang karohano e eketsehileng, jwalo ka ho tlosa le ho ntsha dikhemikhale. Ka tekanyo ya diindasteri, ho etsa hore mafura a be bonolo hangata ho kopantswe le ditsamaiso tsa ho futhumatsa mouoane le karohano e sebetsang hantle ya mechine.
Khetho ea mokhoa oa ho hlahisa e susumetsoa ke mofuta oa thepa e tala, bokhoni ba tlhahiso, lipheo tsa boleng, le litlhoko tsa matla. Liindasteri tsa sejoale-joale hangata li sebelisa litsamaiso tse tsoelang pele tse nang le mocheso o laoloang le nako ea bolulo ho hlahisa boleng bo tsitsitseng.
Karohano le Tlhaloso
Kamora ho hlahisa, mafura a ntse a na le lintho tse tiileng tse tšesaane, metsi le litšila tse qhibilihisitsoeng. Mokhahlelo oa ho hlakisa o ikemiselitse ho hlahisa mafura a hlakileng le a tsitsitseng. Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea theknoloji e kenyelletsa:
– Ho sefa: ho sebedisa sefe ya lesela, sehatsetsi sa sefe, kapa sefe se nang le media e ikgethang ho boloka dikarolwana tse nyane.
– Ho Centrifugation: ho arola karolo ea mafura ho metsi le lintho tse tiileng ho latela phapang ea bongata. Hangata li-centrifuge tsa Disc-stack li sebelisoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e phahameng.
– Ho tlosa mokelikeli: karohano ea matla a khoheli, hangata e le mohato oa pele pele ho centrifugation ho fokotsa mojaro lisebelisoa.
Ho laola bongata ba metsi ho bohlokoa haholo hobane metsi a potlakisa ho haelloa ha triglycerides ho ba FFA mme a baka kgolo ya dikokwana-hloko masalleng.
Ho Hloekisa: Ho Tlosa Gum, Ho Hloekisa, Ho Bleekisa, Ho Tlosa Monko o Mobe
Bakeng sa tshebediso ya dijo kapa tshebediso e hlokang boleng bo hodimo, mafura a diphoofolo hangata a feta tshebetsong ya ho hlwekisa e tshwanang le ya oli ya meroho, ka diphetoho tse itseng:
1. Ho tlosa gumming: ho fokotsa phospholipids le likarolo tse etsang hore letlalo le be lerootho tse ka bakang maru.
2. Ho se nke lehlakore: ho fokotsa FFA ka ho eketsa motheo (mohlala, NaOH) ho etsa sesepa, ebe se aroloa. Maemong a mang, mekhoa ea ho hloekisa 'mele le eona e sebelisoa ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea oli e sa nke lehlakore.
3. Ho soeufatsa: ho sebedisa di-adsorbents tse kang ho soeufatsa lefatshe kapa khabone e kentsweng tshebetsong ho tlosa di-pigment, dihlahiswa tsa oxidation, le mesaletsa ya ditshipi.
4. Ho tlosa monko o mobe: ho qhibilihisa mouoane ka khatello e tlase ho tlosa metsoako e bakang monko o mobe. Mohato ona o bohlokoa bakeng sa mafura a nang le monko o matla kapa oli ea tlhapi e nang le likarolo tse ikhethang tse feto-fetohang.
Lisebelisoa tsa ho ntlafatsa li tlameha ho nahana ka tekano pakeng tsa ntlafatso ea boleng le kotsi ea ho senyeha ha mocheso, haholo-holo bakeng sa mafura a nang le li-acid tse sa koaheloang.
Ho aroloa ha Mafura le Phetoho
Ntle le ho hloekisa, indasteri hangata e fetola thepa ea 'mele ea mafura hore e lumellane le ts'ebeliso:
– Karohano: karohano ea karolo e tiileng (stearin) ho tloha karolong e metsi (olein) ka ho pholisa le ho sefa ka mokhoa o laoloang. Mokhoa ona o thusa ho hlahisa mafura a nang le lintlha tse itseng tsa ho qhibiliha, joalo ka lihlahisoa tsa ho khutsufatsa kapa tsa ho baka.
– Ho thahasella: ho hlophisoa bocha ha mafura a acid ka har'a glycerol ho fetola boemo ba ho qhibiliha le ho plasticity ntle le ho hlahisa mafura a trans. Mokhoa ona ke mokhoa o mong oa ho sebelisa hydrogenation e sa fellang.
– Hydrogenation: ho eketsa haeterojene ho dibopeho tse pedi ho eketsa botsitso le ho phahamisa ntlha ya ho qhibiliha. Leha ho le jwalo, hydrogenation e sa fellang e ka hlahisa mafura a trans, kahoo tshebediso ya yona dijong jwale e fokotswa haholo mme e nkeloa sebaka ke thahasello kapa kgetho ya dikarolwana tsa tlhaho.
Taolo ea Boleng le Polokeho
Ho sebetsana le mafura a liphoofolo ho tlameha ho fihlela maemo a boleng le a polokeho. Liparamente tse tloaelehileng tse hlokometsoeng li kenyelletsa mongobo, mafura a mahala (FFA), boleng ba peroxide (sesupo sa oxidation ea pele), anisidine (sesupo sa oxidation ea morao), 'mala le monko. Bakeng sa lits'ebeliso tsa lijo, likarolo tsa microbiology le litšila tse ka bang teng tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsona lia nahanoa, ho kenyeletsoa masala a tšepe, metsoako ea polyaromatic e tsoang ho chesehang haholo, kapa litšila tse tsoang linthong tse tala.
Mekhoa ea taolo ea boleng e kang GMP le HACCP e thusa ho tseba lintlha tsa bohlokoa, tse kang ho fana ka mocheso, bohloeki ba liphaephe, polokelo ea lihlahisoa tse felileng le taolo ea oksijene. Mafura a lokela ho bolokoa ka litankeng tse koetsoeng, ka ho pepesehela moea le khanya hanyane, le mochesong o fokotsang sekhahla sa oxidation. Ho eketsoa ha li-antioxidants tse lumelletsoeng (joalo ka li-tocopherols kapa li-antioxidants tse itseng tsa lijo) ho ka eketsa nako ea ho boloka.
Tšebeliso ea Lihlahisoa tse Ikhethang le Botsitso
Mahlale a sejoale-joale a ts'ebetso le ona a hatisa botsitso. Lintho tse setseng tse tiileng li ka sebetsoa hore e be lijo (tlasa maemo a itseng) kapa thepa e meng e tala ea indasteri. Metsi a ts'ebetso a hloka ho hloekisoa ka fektheri ea kalafo ea metsi a litšila ho fokotsa moroalo oa lintho tse phelang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho sebelisa mafura a liphoofolo e le phepelo ea biodiesel ke khetho e khahlang bakeng sa ho eketsa boleng bo eketsehileng le ho fokotsa litšila, leha ho hloka mohato oa pele ho phekolo ha maemo a FFA a le holimo.
Ho koala
Theknoloji ea ho sebetsana le mafura a liphoofolo e akaretsa letoto la lits'ebetso, ho tloha ho ts'ebetsong ea thepa e tala, ho hlahisa, ho arola, ho hloekisa le ho fetola thepa ea 'mele. Khetho ea theknoloji e itšetlehile ka mofuta oa mafura, tšebeliso ea ona e reriloeng, le litekanyetso tsa boleng tse lakatsehang. Ka taolo e nepahetseng ea ts'ebetso—ho kenyeletsoa mocheso, nako, mongobo le ho pepesehela oksijene—mafura a liphoofolo a ka sebetsoa hore e be lihlahisoa tse sireletsehileng, tse tsitsitseng le tse nang le bohlokoa moruong, ha ka nako e ts'oanang a tšehetsa mekhoa ea indasteri e sebetsang hantle le e tsitsitseng.
