Bohlokoa ba Bohloeki ho Lemoeng ea Liphoofolo
Bohloeki ba liphoofolo bo etsoa ke letoto la boiteko ba ho boloka bohloeki ba tikoloho, lipene, lisebelisoa le batho ba amehang ts'ebetsong ea ho rua liphoofolo. Bohloeki hangata bo nkoa e le mosebetsi o "sa reng letho" oa kamehla, leha ho le joalo tšusumetso ea bona e kholo: bohloeki bo botle bo fokotsa kotsi ea mafu, bo eketsa tlhahiso, bo boloka boleng ba lihlahisoa tsa liphoofolo (nama, lebese, mahe), bo fokotsa monko le tšilafalo, 'me bo matlafatsa botsitso ba khoebo. Har'a tšokelo e ntseng e eketseha ea mafu a tšoaetsanoang le litlhoko tsa bareki bakeng sa lihlahisoa tse sireletsehileng tsa liphoofolo, bohloeki ha e sa le khetho, empa ke tlhokahalo ea mantlha.
1. Bohloeki e le tšitiso e ka sehloohong thibelong ea mafu
Mafu a liphoofolo a ka bakoa ke libaktheria, livaerase, li-fungus le likokoana-hloko. Likokoana-hloko tse ngata li atleha libakeng tse mongobo, tse litšila tse tletseng lijo tse setseng kapa mantle. Masaka a hloekisitsoeng khafetsa e ba libaka tse ntle tsa ho ikatisa bakeng sa lintsintsi, likhoto le likokoanyana tse ling, tse sebetsang e le li-vector tsa mafu. Bohloeki bo tsitsitseng bo roba ketane ea phetiso ka ho fokotsa palo ea likokoana-hloko tikolohong le ho thibela ho kopana pakeng tsa mehlape e phetseng hantle le mehloli ea tšoaetso.
Mafu a kang letšollo, tšoaetso ea phefumoloho, mastitis likhomong tsa lebese, le mafu a letlalo lipoling le linkung hangata a amana le bohloeki ba lirobe le boleng ba moea. Likhohong, lithole tse metsi le tse bokellaneng li ka baka lefu la maoto, mathata a phefumoloho a bakoang ke ammonia, 'me tsa eketsa kotsi ea tšoaetso ea baktheria. Ka bohloeki bo botle, kotsi ea ho qhoma ha mafu e ea fokotseha, tšebeliso ea lithibela-mafu e ea fokotseha, 'me sekhahla sa lefu la liphoofolo se fokotseha haholo.
2. Eketsa tlhahiso le bokgoni ba ho fepa
Bohloeki ha se feela taba ea ho thibela mafu; bo boetse bo ama tlhahiso ka kotloloho. Liphoofolo tse phelang tikolohong e hloekileng li atisa ho phutholoha haholoanyane, li na le khatello e fokolang ea maikutlo, li boloka takatso e tsitsitseng ea lijo, 'me li hola hantle. Moroalo o tlase oa likokoana-hloko o bolela hore matla a phoofolo ha a sebelisoe ho loantša tšoaetso, e leng se lumellang matla a mangata ho abeloa nama, lehe kapa tlhahiso ea lebese.
Maemong a mangata, lipene tse litšila li silafatsa lijo le metsi a nooang habonolo. Lijo tse silafalitsoeng ke mantle kapa hlobo ha li fokotse tatso feela empa li ka boela tsa jara chefo e kang li-mycotoxin tse kotsi. Metsi a nooang a silafetseng a ka baka mafu a tšilo ea lijo le ho sitisa kholo. Ka ho boloka libaka tse hloekileng tsa lijo le tsa ho noa, balemi ba ka fokotsa tšenyo ea lijo, ba eketsa litekanyo tsa phetoho ea lijo, le ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea liphoofolo tse ruiloeng.
3. Ho boloka boleng ba dihlahiswa tsa diphoofolo le polokeho ya dijo
Lihlahisoa tse sireletsehileng tsa liphoofolo li qala ka matlo a hloekileng. Nama, lebese le mahe li kotsing e kholo ea ho silafala haeba tikoloho ea matlo e sa hloeka. Likhomong tsa lebese, bohloeki ba li-teat, lisebelisoa tsa lebese le fatše ea polokelo ea lebese ke tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa boleng ba lebese. Bohloeki bo bobe bo ka eketsa palo ea libaktheria lebeseng, ba potlakisa ho senyeha, 'me ba eketsa kotsi ea mafu a kang mastitis, a fokotsang tlhahiso le boleng.
Tlhahisong ea mahe, bohloeki ba lesaka bo ama bohloeki ba khetla ea mahe. Mahe a litšila a kotsing e kholo ea ho silafatsoa ke baktheria 'me a na le boleng bo tlase ba' maraka. Ho sa le joalo, temong ea likhoho tsa nama, bohloeki nakong ea ho holisa bo kenya letsoho boleng ba litopo 'me bo fokotsa monyetla oa ho silafatsoa nakong ea polao. Ha litekanyetso tsa bohloeki li kenngoa tšebetsong ho tloha qalong, lihlahisoa tsa liphoofolo li ka fihlela litlhoko tsa bophelo bo botle, bakeng sa' maraka oa lehae le bakeng sa ho romelloa kantle ho naha.
4. Fokotsa tšusumetso ea tikoloho le tšitiso ea sechaba
E 'ngoe ea litletlebo tse kholo mabapi le temo ea liphoofolo ke monko le litšila. Litšila tsa liphoofolo tse sa phekoloang, lijo tse setseng le metsi a litšila li hlahisa likhase tse kang ammonia le hydrogen sulfide, tse ka bang kotsi bophelong ba batho le ba liphoofolo haeba li le maemong a holimo. Bohloeki bo botle—ho kenyeletsoa le taolo ea manyolo le ho ntša metsi—bo thusa ho thibela monko le ho boloka boleng ba moea ho potoloha ntlo ea polokelo.
Taolo e nepahetseng ea litšila e boetse e fokotsa kotsi ea tšilafalo ea metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše le ea noka. Litšila tsa liphoofolo tse tloheloang hore li phalle ka metsi a pula li ka jara libaktheria le limatlafatsi tse ngata metsing, e leng se bakang ho ata ha lintho tse phelang le ho senya tikoloho. Ka bohloeki bo nepahetseng, litšila li ka fetoloa manyolo, manyolo, kapa esita le biogas, e leng se e fetolang ho tloha bothateng ho ba mohloli oa bohlokoa.
5. Likarolo tsa bohlokoa bohloeking ba liphoofolo tse ruuoang
E le hore bohloeki bo sebetse hantle, balemi ba hloka ho utloisisa likarolo tsa mantlha tse lokelang ho hlokomeloa:
a. Bohloeki ba lesaka
Ho hlwekisa fatše, mabota, matlwana a ho ntsha moya le sebaka se potileng letlowa ho thibela ho bokellana ha mobu mme ho boloka moya o phalla hantle. Sistimi ya letlowa e lokela ho ba le drainage e lekaneng ho thibela metsi ho kena ka hara letlowa.
b. Bohloeki ba lisebelisoa
Difepi, didiriswa tsa ho nosetsa, didiriswa tsa ho hama, digarafo, mafielo, esita le dikoloi tse tsamaisang dijo le mehlape di hloka ho hlwekiswa le ho bolawa dikokwana-hloko kgafetsa. Didiriswa tse ditshila hangata di sebetsa e le koloi ya phetisetso ya dikokwana-hloko pakeng tsa dipene.
c. Bohloeki ba mehlape
Mehlape e hloka ho bolokwa e hlwekile, haholo-holo ditsamaisong tse matla. Bakeng sa dikgomo tsa lebese, bohloeki ba matswele ke ntho ya bohlokwa. Bakeng sa dikgoho, tlhokomelo e lebiswa boemong ba masiba a tsona le bethe ya tsona.
d. Ts'ireletso ea lintho tse phelang le taolo ea sephethephethe
Bohloeki bo amana haufi-ufi le tshireletso ya diphedi. Ho fokotsa baeti, ho sebedisa dieta tse ikgethang, ho fana ka dibaka tsa ho hlapa matsoho, le ho bolaya dikokwana-hloko dikoloing tse kenang ho tla fokotsa ho ata ha mafu a kantle.
e. Taolo ea likokoanyana
Lintsintsi, likhoto, maphele le linonyana tsa naha li jara mafu. Bohloeki bo botle, hammoho le lenaneo le reriloeng la taolo ea likokoanyana, li thusa ho boloka lesaka le sireletsehile.
6. Mehato e sebetsang ea ho kenya tšebetsong bohloeki bo sebetsang hantle
Ho kenya tshebetsong bohloeki ho hloka boitshwaro le kemiso e hlakileng. Balemi ba ka qala ka mesebetsi e bonolo empa e tsitsitseng, e kang:
1. Hloekisa lesaka letsatsi le leng le le leng, haholo-holo libaka tse metsi le libaka tse nang le litšila tse ngata.
2. Fetola masela a ho robala ka har'a sehoko (lithōle) khafetsa 'me u netefatse hore ha a mongobo.
3. Hlatsoa libaka tsa ho noa le tsa ho jela e le hore li se ke tsa thella kapa tsa hlobo.
4. Kenya ts'ebetso ea ho bolaea likokoana-hloko khafetsa, eseng feela nakong ea seoa.
5. Laola mantle a liphoofolo ka ho boloka, ho omisa, ho etsa manyolo, kapa ho kenya biogas.
6. Boloka moea o kenang le o bonesang e le hore lesaka le se ke la teteana le ho fokotsa mongobo.
7. Theha libaka tse hloekileng le libaka tse litšila, 'me u lekanyetse motsamao oa batho le lisebelisoa lipakeng tsa libaka.
8. Koetlisa basebetsi ba SOP bakeng sa ho hlwekisa le ho sebedisa dibolaya-ditwatsi ka mokhoa o bolokehileng.
Ntlha e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ke ho khetha sebolaya-ditwatsi se loketseng mofuta oa kokoana-hloko le maemo a sebaka se koaletsoeng. Libolaya-ditwatsi li tla sebetsa hantle haeba libaka li hloekisitsoe lithōle tsa tlhaho. Ka hona, ts'ebetso e ntle ea bohloeki e lokela ho latela tatellano ena: ho tlosoa ha lithōle → ho hlatsoa ka metsi le sesepa → ho omisa → ho bolaea likokoana-hloko.
7. Bohloeki e le letsete la nako e telele
Balemi ba bang ba nahana hore bohloeki bo hloka litšenyehelo tse eketsehileng bakeng sa basebetsi, metsi le li-antiseptic. Leha ho le joalo, ka moruo, bohloeki ke letsete le fokotsang tahlehelo e bakoang ke mafu, le fokotsang litšenyehelo tsa bongaka, le fokotsang lefu le ho eketsa chai ea tlhahiso. Mapolasi a hloekileng a boetse a fumana tšepo ea bareki, balekane ba khoebo le mekhatlo ea taolo habonolo. Ha nako e ntse e ea, botumo ba mapolasi a sebelisang bohloeki bo botle bo tla eketsa tlholisano ea 'ona.
Qetello
Bohloeki temong ea liphoofolo ke motheo oa bohlokoa bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba liphoofolo, tlhahiso, polokeho ea lijo le botsitso ba tikoloho. Bohloeki bo botle bo fokotsa kotsi ea mafu, bo eketsa katleho ea lijo, bo boloka boleng ba lihlahisoa, 'me bo fokotsa litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšila le menko. Ho kenya tšebetsong bohloeki ho hloka mekhoa ea kamehla, mekhoa e hlakileng ea ts'ebetso (SOPs), le temoso ea hore lipene tse hloekileng le tikoloho ke senotlolo sa katleho ea khoebo. Ka ho amohela bohloeki e le setso sa mosebetsi, mapolasi a liphoofolo a ke ke a phela hantle feela 'me a behe litholoana tse ngata empa hape a tla itokisetsa hamolemo ho tobana le litlhoko tsa' maraka le liphephetso tsa mafu nakong e tlang.
