Tlhaloso le Mosebetsi oa Limmapa tsa Topographic tsa Leoatle
Limmapa tsa topographic tsa leoatle—tseo hangata li bitsoang limmapa tsa bathymetric—ke limmapa tse bontšang sebopeho sa botlaaseng ba leoatle le liphetoho tsa botebo ba lona. Le hoja limmapa tsa topographic tse thehiloeng mobung li bontša lithaba, likhohlo le libaka tsa bophahamo, limmapa tsa topographic tsa leoatle li bontša "libaka tsa phomolo" tse ka tlas'a metsi: liforo, matsoapo, matsoapo, lithota tse tebileng, esita le lithaba tsa leoatle. Tlhahisoleseling ena e hlahisoa ka mela ea botlaaseng ba leoatle (isobaths), mebala e fapaneng, kapa lipalo tsa botebo, tse thusang babali ba 'mapa ho utloisisa liphetoho botebong le sebopeho sa botlaaseng ba leoatle sebakeng se fanoeng.
Boteng ba limmapa tsa topographic tsa leoatleng bo bohlokoa hobane leoatle le akaretsa karolo e kholo ea bokaholimo ba Lefatše 'me le sebetsa e le tsela ea mantlha ea lipalangoang, mohloli oa mehloli le bolulo bakeng sa litsamaiso tse fapaneng tsa tikoloho. Ntle le 'mapa o nepahetseng, mesebetsi ea likepe, nts'etsopele ea meralo ea motheo ea leoatle, lipatlisiso tsa saense le boiteko ba ho fokotsa likoluoa li tobane le likotsi tse kholo le ho se tsitse. Sengoloa sena se tšohla tlhaloso ea 'mapa oa topographic oa leoatle, likarolo tsa oona le mesebetsi ea oona ea mantlha masimong a fapaneng.
Ho Utloisisa Limmapa tsa Topographic tsa Leoatle
Ka kakaretso, 'mapa oa topographic oa leoatle ke setšoantšo se bontšang liphetoho botebong le sebōpehong sa fatše la metsi, ka bobeli leoatleng le bulehileng le metsing a lebopong la leoatle joalo ka likou, litselana le linōka. Limmapa tsena li ka hlahisoa ka litekanyo tse fapaneng: boholo ba libaka tsa kou le litsela tsa likepe tse hlokang lintlha tse ngata, ho isa ho tse nyane bakeng sa 'mapa oa libaka kapa oa lefats'e.
Limmapa tsa topographic li fapana le lichate tsa likepe, leha tse peli hangata li hokahane. Lichate tsa ho tsamaea li hatisa tlhahisoleseling e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho tsamaea ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng—joalo ka libaka tsa mabone a leoatle, mabone a leoatle, meeli ea kanale, likotsi tsa ho tsamaea ka sekepe, le botebo bo fokolang—ha limmapa tsa topographic/bathymetric li hatisa setšoantšo sa saense sa fatše la leoatle. Leha ho le joalo, ha e le hantle, lihlahisoa tse ngata tsa sejoale-joale tsa chate ea likepe li kopanya likarolo tsa bathymetric le tsa ho tsamaea ka sekepe bakeng sa ts'ebetso e kholoanyane.
Limmapa tsa topographic tsa leoatle li etsoa ho latela lintlha tse tebileng tse fumanoeng ka lipatlisiso tsa hydrographic. Mekhoa e sebelisitsoeng e fetohile ha nako e ntse e ea, ho tloha ho litekanyo tsa letsoho ho sebelisoa mela ea lead, ho ea ho sonar ea beam e le 'ngoe, ho ea ho theknoloji ea echosounder ea li-beam tse ngata, sonar ea side-scan, bathymetry ea LiDAR bakeng sa metsi a sa tebang, esita le kopanyo ea sathelaete le mohlala oa lipalo. Ha mekhoa e ntse e tsoela pele, ho ka etsoa 'mapa oa fatše oa leoatle o qaqileng le o nepahetseng haholoanyane.
Likarolo tse Limmapeng tsa Topographic tsa Leoatle
E le hore li baloe le ho sebelisoa hantle, limmapa tsa topographic tsa leoatle ka kakaretso li na le likarolo tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa, ho kenyeletsoa:
1. Isobath (mola o tebileng oa sebopeho)
Mela e hokahanyang lintlha tse nang le botebo bo lekanang. Li-isobath li thusa ho bona leralla la leoatle ka mahlo a kelello: mela e nang le sebaka se haufi e bontša leralla le phahameng, ha mela e nang le sebaka se haufi e bontša leralla le bonolo.
2. Lipalo le diyuniti tsa botebo
Botebo hangata bo hlahisoa ka limithara, empa limmapa tse ling li ka sebelisa maoto kapa li-fathom. Tlhahisoleseling ea botebo ba datum (mohlala, datum ea chate) le eona ea bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhaloso.
3. Sekala sa 'mapa le ponelopele
Sekala se etsa qeto ea boemo ba lintlha. Ponelopele e ama setšoantšo sa sebaka le tataiso, e leng se etsang hore e be ea bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea sebaka le ho tsamaea.
4. Matšoao le litšōmo
Mohlala, matšoao a mafika a likorale, ho robeha ha sekepe, litšitiso tse ka tlas'a metsi, kapa mefuta e itseng ea seretse haeba e kenyelelitsoe.
5. Lihokela tsa jeokrafi
Latitude le longitude li sebelisoa ho fumana sebaka. Limmapeng tsa sejoale-joale, likhokahano tsena li kopantsoe le litsamaiso tsa GIS.
6. Ho hlophisoa ha mebala (limmapeng tse nang le sehlooho)
Limmapa tse ngata tsa bathymetric li sebelisa boputsoa bo bobebe bakeng sa metsi a sa tebang le boputsoa bo lefifi bakeng sa metsi a tebileng, e le hore liphetoho tsa botebo li ka bonoa habonolo ka mahlo.
Mesebetsi ea Limmapa tsa Topographic tsa Leoatle
Limmapa tsa topographic tsa leoatle li na le mesebetsi e pharaletseng, e akaretsang makala a fapaneng. Tse ling tsa mesebetsi ea tsona e meholo ke tsena.
1. Ho tšehetsa Polokeho ea Thomello le Tsamaiso
Mosebetsi o sebetsang ka ho fetisisa oa ho etsa 'mapa oa botebo ke ho thibela likepe ho thula mobu kapa ho thulana le litšitiso tse ka tlas'a metsi. Ka ho utloisisa mekhoa ea botebo, batsamaisi le ba rerang litsela ba ka khetha tsela e sireletsehileng ho latela moralo oa sekepe. Tlhahisoleseling ea contour e boetse e thusa ho khetholla libaka tse kotsi tse kang mafika, li-sandbars, kapa li-tarf tse nang le maqhubu a matla.
Likoung le likanaleng tsa ho kena ka likepe, limmapa tsa topographic tsa leoatle li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho fumana litlhoko tsa ho cheka, ho beha buoy, le ho lekola liphetoho tsa botebo tse bakoang ke ho senngoa ha seretse.
2. Moralo le Ntlafatso ea Meralo ea Motheo ea Maoatle
Meralo e fapaneng ea motheo ea leoatle e hloka lintlha tse nepahetseng tsa botebo ba leoatle, tse kang:
– kaho ea likou, libaka tsa ho kou le libaka tse thibelang metsi,
– ho kenya dithapo tse ka tlasa metsi (mehala le motlakase),
- ho kenngoa ha liphaephe tsa oli le khase,
- ho fumana sebaka sa liturbine tsa moea tse tsoang lebopong la leoatle,
– kaho ea marokho kapa lithanele tse ka tlas'a metsi.
Botebo ba sebopeho le mofuta oa sebaka se ka tlas'a leoatle li thusa baenjiniere ho fumana litsela, lintlha tsa motheo, le ho hakanya kotsi ea ho thella ha lefatše ka tlas'a metsi kapa ho fetoha ha seretse.
3. Ho tšehetsa Lipatlisiso tsa Oceanography le Jeoloji ea Leoatle
Sebopeho sa botlaase ba lewatle se amana haufi-ufi le ditshebetso tsa jeoloji tse kang ho tsamaya ha dipoleiti tsa tectonic, ho thehwa ha diforo tse ka tlase ho metsi, mathule a bohareng ba lewatle, esita le mesebetsi ya seretse se chesang ka tlasa metsi. Bafuputsi ba sebedisa dimmapa tsa topographic tsa lewatle ba ka:
– ho etsa 'mapa oa meaho ea jeoloji le liphoso tse ka bang teng,
– ho ithuta nalane ea ho iphetola ha lintho ea botebo ba leoatle,
– hlwaya sebaka sa masoba a metsi a chesang kapa dithapo tsa lewatle.
Bakeng sa thuto ea maoatle, thuto ea topography e susumetsa maqhubu a leoatle, maqhubu a ka hare le mekhoa ea potoloho ea metsi. Matsoapo le likhoro li ka tataisa maqhubu, tsa baka ho phahama, 'me tsa susumetsa kabo ea mocheso le letsoai.
4. Tsamaiso ea Lisebelisoa tsa Litlhapi le Tikoloho
Litsamaiso tsa tikoloho tsa leoatleng li susumetsoa haholo ke sebopeho sa botlaaseng ba metsi. Mafika a likorale, libethe tsa joang ba leoatle, le libaka tsa bolulo tsa litlhapi tsa leoatleng hangata li amahanngoa le botebo le meaho e itseng. Limmapa tsa topographic tsa leoatle lia thusa:
– fumana libaka tse ka bang teng tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi,
– ho rala libaka tse sirelelitsoeng tsa leoatle,
– ho beha leihlo libaka tse bonolo tsa bolulo,
– ho lekola tšusumetso ea mesebetsi ea batho (mohlala, ho tšoasa litlhapi ka ho hula kapa ho tsosolosa) botlaaseng ba leoatle.
Ka data e ntle ea bathymetric, tsamaiso ea litlhapi e ka ipapisa le saense haholoanyane, ho kenyeletsoa le ho fumana libaka tsa ho tsoala kapa litsela tsa ho falla ha mefuta e itseng.
5. Phokotso ea Likoluoa tsa Leoatleng
Limmapa tsa topographic tsa leoatle li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho fokotseng tsunami, maqhubu a leoatle le ho putlama ha metsi ka tlas'a metsi. Sebopeho sa fatše la leoatle se susumetsa kamoo matla a maqhubu a jalang le ho matlafala kateng ha a ntse a atamela lebopong. Mehlala ea tsunami e hloka data ea bathymetric ho bolela esale pele:
– lebelo la ho ata ha maqhubu,
– tsela eo ho namelang ka yona,
– ntlha e shebaneng le maqhubu,
– nako e hakanyetsoang ea ho fihla le bophahamo ba leqhubu.
Ntle le tsunami, 'mapa oa fatše oa leoatle o thusa ho khetholla libaka tse kotsing ea ho thella ha lefatše ka tlas'a metsi tse ka bakang maqhubu a maholo sebakeng seo.
6. Moralo oa Sebaka sa Leoatle le Leano la Leoatle
Khopolo ea moralo oa sebaka sa leoatle e hloka tlhahisoleseling e felletseng ea sebaka. Limmapa tsa topographic tsa leoatle ke lera la bohlokoa la data bakeng sa:
– ho fumana sebaka sa tšebeliso ea likepe (litlhapi, bohahlauli, indasteri, paballo ea libaka),
– ho fokotsa likhohlano tsa sebaka pakeng tsa makala,
– hlahloba ho tšoaneleha ha sebaka bakeng sa mosebetsi o itseng ho latela botebo le leralla la botlaaseng ba leoatle.
Moelelong oa boemo ba archipelagic, limmapa tsa botebo li boetse li amana le thuto ea meeli ea libaka le tšebeliso ea mehloli metsing a naha.
7. E tšehetsa Theknoloji ea GIS le Modeling ea Dijithale
Hona jwale, dimmapa tsa topographic tsa lewatle di fumaneha haholo ka dibopeho tsa data tsa dijithale, tse kang Di-Digital Bathymetric Models (DBM) kapa Di-Digital Elevation Models bakeng sa fatshe la lewatle. Data ena e ka sebetswa ka GIS ho hlahisa:
– 'mapa oa letsoapo,
– karolo ea leralla,
– tlhahlobo ea bophahamo ba seretse,
– ketsiso ya hajwale le maqhubu,
– 'Mapa oa libaka tsa bolulo o thehiloeng botebong.
Bokhoni bona bo etsa hore limmapa tsa topographic tsa leoatle e se be litšoantšo feela, empa hape e be li-database tsa tlhahlobo tse ka thusang ho etsa liqeto.
Ho koala
'Mapa oa topographic ea leoatle ke 'mapa o bontšang liphetoho botebong le ho imolloa ha botlaaseng ba leoatle ka li-contour, lipalo tsa botebo le matšoao a itseng. Boteng ba oona bo bohlokoa bakeng sa polokeho ea likepe, nts'etsopele ea meralo ea motheo ea leoatle, lipatlisiso tsa jeoloji le tsa leoatle, tsamaiso ea litlhapi le ea tikoloho, phokotso ea likoluoa, le moralo oa sebaka sa leoatle. Ka tsoelo-pele ea lipatlisiso tsa hydrographic le theknoloji ea 'mapa oa dijithale, limmapa tsa topographic tsa leoatle li ntse li qaqisoa haholoanyane le ho nepahala, kahoo li fana ka melemo e pharaletseng - bakeng sa merero ea moruo, ts'ireletso le botsitso ba tikoloho ea leoatle.
Haeba o lakatsa, nka boela ka eketsa mehlala ea likarolo tsa 'mapa (litšōmo), liphapang lipakeng tsa limmapa tsa bathymetric le limmapa tsa ho tsamaea, kapa ka hlophisa sengoloa sena ka mokhoa o felletseng oa pampiri (selelekela-puisano-qetello-bibliography).
