Tšebeliso ea Tšepe Tlhahisong ea Lisebelisoa tsa Khomphutha
Bohlale ba ho sebelisa tšepe ke saense le boenjiniere bo ithutang thepa ea litšepe le mokhoa oa ho li ntša, ho li hloekisa, ho li kopanya le ho li bopa ho latela litlhoko tse itseng. Lefatšeng la theknoloji ea tlhahisoleseling, bohlale ba ho sebelisa tšepe bo phetha karolo ea bohlokoa hobane hoo e batlang e le lisebelisoa tsohle tsa khomphutha—ho tloha ho li-processor le li-motherboard ho ea ho lisebelisoa tsa polokelo esita le li-casing—li itšetlehile ka thepa ea tšepe le ea alloy e nang le litšobotsi tse nepahetseng. Ntle le tsoelo-pele ea bohlale ba ho sebelisa tšepe, lik'homphieutha tsa sejoale-joale li ne li ke ke tsa ba le lebelo, botšepehi, katleho ea mocheso le ho tšoarella tseo re li thabelang kajeno.
1. Tšepe e le motheo oa thepa ea hardware
Lisebelisoa tsa khomphutha li entsoe ka motsoako oa thepa: li-semiconductor (tse kang silicon), li-polymer (polasetiki), liserami le litšepe. Har'a tsena, litšepe li sebetsa e le li-conductor tsa motlakase, li-dissipator tsa mocheso, lithebe tsa motlakase le likarolo tsa sebopeho. Metallurgy e lumella bahlahisi ho khetha motsoako o nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa oa thepa ho latela litlhoko tsa bona: conductivity e phahameng bakeng sa lipotoloho tsa motlakase, matla a mechini bakeng sa chassis, khanyetso ea mafome bakeng sa lihokelo, le conductivity e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea mocheso bakeng sa litsamaiso tsa ho pholisa.
Metallurgy ea sejoale-joale ha e bue feela ka "tšepe eo u lokelang ho e sebelisa," empa hape e bua ka hore na sebopeho sa thepa—joalo ka boholo ba lijo-thollo, karolo ea motsoako, le kalafo ea mocheso—li ama ts'ebetso joang. Ho laola sebopeho sena sa micro ke sona se lumellang motsoako ho boloka matla mochesong o phahameng, ho lula o tsitsitse kamora lipotoloho tsa ho futhumatsa tse pheta-phetoang, kapa ho bontša ho hanyetsa ho tsofala tlas'a ho kopana khafetsa ha mechini.
2. Li-conductor tsa motlakase: koporo, khauta le metsoako ea tsona
E 'ngoe ea lits'ebeliso tse totobetseng tsa metallurgy ke ts'ebeliso ea koporo (Cu) e le mokhanni oa motlakase ka har'a li-motherboard le likhoele. Koporo e khethoa ka lebaka la ho tsamaisa motlakase haholo, bonolo ba ho e bopa, le litšenyehelo tse tlase ha li bapisoa le litšepe tsa bohlokoa. Maboteng a potoloho a hatisitsoeng (li-PCB), mekhahlelo ea koporo e etsoa ka mesaletsa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa tlhahiso o hlokang botenya le bohloeki bo itseng. Metallurgy e bapala karolo ea ho laola bohloeki ba koporo, kaha litšila li ka eketsa khanyetso ea motlakase le ho potlakisa ho bola.
Ho sa le jwalo, kgauta (Au) hangata e sebediswa e le plating hodima dihokelo—mohlala, dihokelo tsa RAM, di-PCIe, le dikou tse itseng—hobane e hanela mafome haholo mme e na le conductivity e ntle. Le hoja e le theko e boima, lera le lesesane la kgauta le lekane ho netefatsa kgokelo e tsitsitseng ya motlakase ka nako e telele. Ha e le hantle, plating metallurgy e hloka ho laola botenya, kgomarelo, le ho tsamaellana le tshepe ya motheo ho thibela ho kgephoha.
Ntle le khauta, nickel (Ni) e boetse e sebelisoa hangata e le lera la thibelo ho thibela ho hasana ha tšepe, e leng se ka fokotsang boleng ba ho kopana. Motsoako oa Cu-Ni-Au lihokelong ke mohlala oa kamoo boenjiniere ba tšepe bo ntlafatsang ts'ebetso le bophelo ba ts'ebeletso.
3. Ho kopanya le ho hokahanya: ho tloha ho tin-load ho isa ho solder e se nang loto
Tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tsa khomphutha e kenyelletsa mokhoa oa ho kopanya o sebelisoang ho hokahanya likarolo le boto ea potoloho e hatisitsoeng (PCB). Li-solder tsa tin-lead (Sn-Pb) li kile tsa ratoa ka lebaka la ntlha ea tsona e tlase ea ho qhibiliha le bonolo ba ho li sebelisa. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la matšoenyeho a bophelo bo botle le tikoloho, indasteri e fetohetse ho li-solder tse se nang loto, tse kang motsoako oa tin-silver-copper (SAC: Sn-Ag-Cu).
Mona ke moo metallurgy e bang ea bohlokoa. Li-alloy tsa solder li tlameha ho fihlela litlhoko tse ngata: ntlha ea ho qhibiliha e loketseng ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso, bokhoni ba ho kolobisa, matla a mechini, ho hanyetsa ho petsoha ha mokhathala oa mocheso, le botsitso tlas'a lipotoloho tse pheta-phetoang tsa mocheso le ho phola. Metallurgy e ithuta ho thehoa ha metsoako ea intermetallic pakeng tsa solder le pad ea koporo, kaha lera le teteaneng haholo la intermetallic le ka baka lenonyello le robehang. Ho laola motsoako oa alloy, profil ea ho futhumatsa hape, le moralo oa ho roala o sireletsang pad kaofela ke karolo ea boenjiniere ba metallurgical bo khethollang boleng ba sehlahisoa.
4. Taolo ea mocheso: aluminium, koporo le thepa ea mocheso
Lik'homphieutha tsa sejoale-joale li hlahisa mocheso o mongata, haholo-holo ho CPU le GPU. Tsamaiso ea mocheso ke ntlha ea bohlokoa ho netefatseng ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng le bophelo bo bolelele ba likarolo. Metallurgy e tšehetsa sena ka khetho le boenjiniere ba heatsink, heat spreader, le thepa ea liphaephe tsa mocheso.
Aluminium (Al) e sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa li-heatsink hobane e bobebe, e ntšetsoa habonolo mapheong a pholileng, 'me ha e theko e tlase haholo. Koporo, ka ho khanna ha eona mocheso o phahameng, hangata e sebelisoa likarolong tse hlokang phetiso e potlakileng ea mocheso, joalo ka metheo ea heatsink kapa liphaephe tsa mocheso. Meralong e meng, li-heatsink li kopanya aluminium le koporo ho fihlela tekano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea mocheso le boima/theko. Ts'ebetso ea ho kopanya litšepe tsena tse peli tse fapaneng e boetse e hloka lintho tse lokelang ho nahanoa ka tšepe, joalo ka ho thibela ho bola ha galvanic le ho netefatsa ho kopana hantle ha mocheso.
Ho phaella moo, sesebelisoa sa ho hasanya mocheso ho processor se sebedisa thepa ya tshepe e nang le boleng bo hodimo le ho ba bataletseng ho netefatsa hore e kopana hantle le peista ya mocheso. Esita le peista ya mocheso ka boyona ka dinako tse ding e na le dikarolwana tsa tshepe kapa tsa ceramic ho eketsa ho tsamaisa mocheso—le hoja sena se wela tlasa taolo ya thepa e kopaneng, melaomotheo ya metallurgiska e ntse e le ya bohlokwa kgethong ya dikarolwana le botsitso.
5. Sebopeho sa mechini: sekotjana, foreimi, le ho hanyetsa ho bola
Likarolo tsa sebopeho tse kang mabokose a PC, chassis ea laptop, le li-enclosure tsa kahare li hloka thepa e matla empa e le bobebe. Mabokose a mangata a desktop a sebelisa tšepe bakeng sa matla a eona le theko e tlase, ha lisebelisoa tse nkehang hangata li sebelisa li-alloy tsa aluminium kapa magnesium bakeng sa boima bo bobebe. Metallurgy e thusa ho fumana mofuta oa motsoako le kalafo (joalo ka aluminium e tlotsang) ho ntlafatsa ho tsofala le ho hanyetsa ho bola ha eona ha ka nako e ts'oanang e fana ka botle bo khahlisang.
Li-laptop tsa boleng bo holimo, li-alloy tsa aluminium tse entsoeng ka mokhoa o nepahetseng li hloka thepa e ts'oanang le e tsitsitseng. Ha ho khethoa motsoako, metallurgy e nahana ka ho thatafala, ho sebetsa hantle, le ho hanyetsa ho fetoha ha sebopeho. Esita le lintlha tse nyane joalo ka li-screw le li-hinge ke ts'ebeliso ea metallurgy: khetho ea tšepe e sa hloekang kapa motsoako o itseng e ka etsa qeto ea hore na hinge e tla lula e tiile kamora ho buloa le ho koaloa ha likete.
6. Polokelo ea data: karolo ea tšepe ho li-HDD le li-SSD
Ho di-hard disk drive (HDDs), metallurgy ke ea bohlokoa. Li-HDD platter li entsoe ka aluminium kapa khalase e koahetsoeng ka thepa ea makenete e thehiloeng motsoakong oa tšepe (joalo ka cobalt). Litšobotsi tsa makenete tsa motsoako—ho kenyeletsoa boholo ba lithollo le tataiso ea kristale—li ama bongata ba polokelo. Hlooho ea ho bala le ho ngola e boetse e sebelisa lera le lesesaane haholo la tšepe le sebelisang mekhoa ea ho beha lintho ka nepo.
Ho di-drive tsa solid-state (di-SSD), leha data e bolokwa ho di-chip tsa semiconductor, tshepe e ntse e bapala karolo ditseleng tsa kgokelo, di-connector pad, le shielding. Ho feta moo, di-SSD tse ngata di sebedisa di-heatsink tsa aluminium ho boloka mocheso le ho thibela ho senyeha ha tshebetso ka lebaka la ho kganna ha mocheso.
7. Tšireletso ea motlakase le botšepehi ba lets'oao
Lisebelisoa tsa khomphutha li tlameha ho latela maemo a tšitiso ea motlakase (EMI). Tšepe e sebelisoa e le tšireletso ho thibela mahlaseli a lets'oao kapa tšitiso. Mehlala e kenyelletsa lithebe tsa tšepe likarolong tse itseng tsa li-motherboard, likhechana tsa phepelo ea motlakase (PSU), le sekoahelo se sireletsang likhoeleng. Metallurgy e thusa ho khetha thepa e thibelang tšitiso ka katleho ha e ntse e le bonolo ho e etsa.
Ho tshepahala ha letshwao la lebelo le phahameng ho boetse ho amana le boleng ba bokaholimo ba conductor, ho hanyetsa oxidation, le botsitso ba ho kopana. Lihokelong tsa lebelo le phahameng, masela a sireletsang a kang khauta le nickel ha se feela taba ea "ho se ruse," empa hape ke taba ea ho boloka impedance le botsitso ba phetiso ea data nakong eohle ea bophelo ba sehlahisoa.
8. Liphephetso tsa tikoloho le ho sebelisa hape: tšepe e tsitsitseng
Indasteri ea lisebelisoa tsa khomphutha e tobane le phephetso e kholo: litšila tsa elektroniki (e-waste). Tšepe e boetse e bapala karolo mona ka ho arola le ho fumana litšepe tsa bohlokoa tse kang khauta, koporo, silevera, palladium, le litšepe tsa lefats'e tse sa tloaelehang ho tsoa lisebelisoa tse sebelisitsoeng. Mekhoa ea pyrometallurgy (ho qhibilihisa) le hydrometallurgy (ho ntša lik'hemik'hale) e sebelisoa ho ntša litšepe ka katleho e phahameng.
Ntlafatso ea thepa e sebelisoang hape habonolo, phokotso ea tšebeliso ea tšepe e chefo, le moralo oa lihlahisoa tse tšehetsang ho qhaqhoa le tsona ke karolo ea mokhoa oa sejoale-joale oa ho sebelisa tšepe. Ha mekhoa ea ho sebelisa hape e ntse e tsoela pele, ho itšetleha ka merafo e mecha, e nang le tšusumetso e kholo tikolohong, hoa fokotseha.
Qetello
Tšepe ke motheo o sa bonahaleng oa tsoelo-pele ea lisebelisoa tsa khomphutha. Ho tloha litseleng tsa koporo ho li-PCB, ho penta ha khauta ho lihokelo, li-alloy tsa solder tse se nang loto, li-heatsink tsa aluminium le koporo, ho ea ho thepa ea makenete ho li-HDD—kaofela li hloka kutloisiso e tebileng ea thepa ea tšepe, li-alloy, lits'ebetso tsa ho theha, le likamano tsa thepa ho microscale. Nts'etsopele ea lik'homphieutha tse potlakileng le tse nyane haholoanyane, le tse sebetsang hantle ha e itšetlehe feela ka moralo oa elektroniki empa hape e itšetlehile ka boenjiniere ba thepa bo nolofalletsang likarolo ho sebetsa ka botsitso tlas'a maemo a feteletseng. Ho ea pele, tšepe e tla ba ea bohlokoa haholo, haholo-holo ho tsamaiseng katleho ea matla, ho ntlafatsa ho tšoarella ha lisebelisoa, le ho matlafatsa litsamaiso tsa ho sebelisa hape bakeng sa indasteri ea theknoloji e tsitsitseng haholoanyane.
