Litlamorao tsa Khatello le Mocheso Matleng a Tšepe
Litšepe ke thepa ea bohlokoa bophelong ba sejoale-joale, ho tloha kahong ea meaho le lits'ebetsong tsa likoloi ho isa lisebelisoa tsa lapeng le likarolo tsa theknoloji e phahameng tse kang li-turbine, li-reactor le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki. Matla a litšepe a lutse motswakong oa tsona oa thepa ea mechini le ea 'mele: matla, ho se sebetse hantle, ho tsamaisa motlakase le mocheso, le bonolo ba ho bopa ka mekhoa ea tlhahiso. Leha ho le joalo, thepa ena ha ea tsitsa. Lintlha tse peli tsa tikoloho le tsa ts'ebetso tse khethollang liphetoho thepa ea tšepe ke khatello le mocheso. Tsena li ka fetola sebopeho sa microstructure, tsa ama litlamo tsa athomo, tsa fetola mekhahlelo ea kristale, 'me qetellong tsa etsa qeto ea hore na tšepe e tla ba matla, e be bonolo haholoanyane, kapa e hlolehe.
1. Sebopeho se senyenyane e le Senotlolo sa Liphetoho tsa Thepa
Ho utloisisa liphello tsa khatello le mocheso, re hloka ho sheba litšepe tse ka har'a microscale. Litšepe li entsoe ka lithollo tsa kristale tse arotsoeng ke meeli ea lithollo. Ka har'a likristale, liphoso tse kang ho falla li bapala karolo e kholo ho feto-fetoheng ha polasetiki. Ha tšepe e le tlas'a mojaro, ho fetoha ha lintho ho etsahala haholo-holo ka ho sisinyeha ha lintho tse fallang. Mocheso le khatello li ka potlakisa kapa tsa thibela motsamao oa ho falla hona, hammoho le ho fetola boholo ba lithollo le palo ea liphoso tse entsoeng. Ka hona, liphetoho tse nyane maemong a ts'ebetso li ka hlahisa liphetoho tse kholo matleng, ho se sebetse hantle, ho tiea le ho hanyetsa ho tsofala.
2. Phello ea Mocheso Thepeng ea Tšepe
a. Matla le ho tiea
Ka kakaretso, mocheso o ntseng o eketseha o fokotsa matla le ho thatafala ha litšepe. Lithempereichara tse phahameng, liathomo li thothomela haholo, e leng se etsang hore maqhama pakeng tsa liathomo a "tsamaee" haholoanyane. Ho falla ha tsona ho tsamaea habonolo, ho etsa hore tšepe e be kotsing ea ho fetoha habonolo. Ke ka lebaka leo tšepe e matla mochesong oa kamore e ka fokolang mochesong o phahameng, mohlala, likarolong tsa enjene kapa liphaepheng tsa mouoane.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, maemong a tlase a mocheso, ditshipi di atisa ho ba matla hobane ho falla ha tsona ho thata ho tsamaya. Leha ho le jwalo, keketseho ena ya matla hangata e tla le sephetho se seng: sehlahiswa se latelang ke tshekamelo e eketsehileng ya ho robeha ha ditshipi tse ding.
b. Bokgoni ba ho sebetsa le ho tiea
Hangata ho thekesela ha ditshipi ho a eketseha ha mocheso o ntse o eketseha, kaha ditshipi di fetoha habonolo ntle le ho robeha. Ditshebetsong tsa ho bopa tse kang ho betla kapa ho pitikisa ka ho tjhesa, ditshipi di a futhumatswa ho di etsa hore di thekesele haholoanyane e le hore di ka bopeha ntle le ho petsoha.
Maemong a mocheso o tlase, litšepe tse ling (haholo-holo tse nang le sebopeho sa BCC joalo ka tšepe ea carbon) li fetoha phetoho ea ductile-ho-brittle. Sena se bolela hore ka tlase ho mocheso o itseng, tšepe e ka robeha habonolo haholo. Sena se bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebeliso libakeng tse batang (mohlala, mehaho ea leoatle, marokho libakeng tse nang le lehloa) hobane kotsi ea ho robeha habonolo ea eketseha.
c. Ho Tsamaisa Motlakase le Thermal
Mocheso o boetse o ama bokhoni ba tšepe ba ho tsamaisa motlakase le mocheso. Ka kakaretso, ho tsamaisa motlakase ha litšepe hoa fokotseha ha mocheso o ntse o eketseha. Sena se etsahala hobane ho thothomela ha mocheso oa liathomo ho sitisa phallo e lokolohileng ea lielektrone. Ka lebaka la molao-motheo ona, khanyetso ea terata ea koporo ea eketseha ha e futhumatsoa, 'me lisebelisoa tsa motlakase li hloka ho nahana ka litlamorao tsa ho futhumatsa ho qoba tahlehelo e feteletseng ea matla.
d. Liphetoho tsa Mokhahlelo le Liphetoho tsa Sebopeho
Tšepe le metsoako e meng e fetoha ka mekhahlelo ho latela mocheso o itseng. Mohlala o tloaelehileng ke tšepe: maemong a itseng a mocheso, sebopeho sa eona sa kristale sea fetoha (mohlala, ho tloha ho ferrite ho ea ho austenite). Phetoho ena ea mohato e ama haholo litšobotsi tsa mechini. Mekhoa ea kalafo ea mocheso e kang ho annealing, ho tima le ho futhumatsa e itšetlehile ka taolo ea mocheso ho fihlela motsoako o lakatsehang oa ho thatafala le ho tiea.
e. Ho thekesela le Tšenyo ea Thermal ea Nako e Telele
Maemong a mocheso o phahameng le meroalo e sa fetoheng, litšepe li ka ba le ho thekesela, phetoho e liehang e etsahalang ha nako e ntse e ea. Ho thekesela ho bohlokoa haholo liturbine tsa khase, liboiler le likarolo tsa feme ea motlakase. Leha khatello e lula e sa fetohe, tšepe e "phalla butle-butle," e baka liphetoho tsa boholo le ho hloleha ho ka bang teng. Ka hona, moralo oa likarolo tsa mocheso o phahameng o tlameha ho nahana ka litšobotsi tsa ho thekesela, eseng feela matla a ho tsitlella mochesong oa kamore.
3. Phello ea Khatello Thepeng ea Tšepe
Kgatelelo moelelong wa thepa e ka bolela kgatelelo ya hydrostatic (e sebediswang ka ho lekana ho tloha mahlakoreng ohle) kapa kgatelelo e bakwang ke mojaro wa mechini jwalo ka kgatelelo le ho kopana. Phello ya kgatelelo hodima thepa ya tshepe hangata e bonwa sebopehong sa polasetiki, diphetohong tsa bongata, le botsitsong ba mokgahlelo.
a. Ho Koaloa ha Metsi le ho ba le Menyetla e Eketsehileng
Kgatelelo e phahameng e ka baka ho teteana, haholo-holo linthong tse entsoeng ka phofo (tšepe ea phofo). Lits'ebetsong tsa ho sintering le hot isostatic pressing (HIP), khatello e sebelisoa ho koala masoba a ka hare, ho eketsa bongata, le ho ntlafatsa litšobotsi tsa mechini tse kang matla a mokhathala le ho tiea. Litšepe tse teteaneng li thatafalloa ke ho hlahisa litsela tsa mapetso, e leng se etsang hore ka kakaretso li tšepahale haholoanyane.
b. Phello ho Phetoho ea Plastiki
Kgatelelo, haholo-holo kgatello, e atisa ho eketsa bokgoni ba tshepe ba ho senyeha ntle le ho petsoha. Lebaka ke hobane mapetso a buleha habonolo tlasa kgatello ho feta tlasa kgatello. Ditshebetsong tsa ho ntsha kapa ho bopa, motswako wa kgatello e phahameng o thusa thepa ho phalla le ho tlatsa hlobo hantle. Kgatelelo e ka boela ya kgothaletsa ho thatafala ha mosebetsi tlasa maemo a mang, ka lebaka la ho bokellana ha dislocations tse bakwang ke ho fetoha ha dislocation.
c. Phetoho ea Mokhahlelo o Bakiloeng ke Khatello
Kgatelelo e phahameng e ka tsitsisa mekhahlelo e itseng kapa esita le ho baka e mecha. Le hoja phello ena e atisa ho tšohloa limineraleng le linthong tse seng tsa tšepe, litšepe tse ling li ka boela tsa fetoloa sebopehong sa tsona sa kristale tlas'a khatello e phahameng haholo. Tloaelong ea indasteri, phello ena e etsahala lits'ebetsong tse ikhethang kapa maemong a feteletseng, mohlala, likarolong tse sebetsang boemong ba leoatle, litsamaisong tsa khatello e phahameng, kapa lipatlisisong tsa thepa laboratoring.
d. Phello ho Ntlha ea ho Qhibiliha le ho Phatlalatsa
Khatello ka kakaretso e phahamisa ntlha ea ho qhibiliha ha litšepe, leha phello e se kamehla e leng ea bohlokoa likhatellong tse tloaelehileng indastering. Ho feta moo, khatello e ka ama sekhahla sa ho hasana ha liathomo, haholo-holo ha e kopantsoe le mocheso. Ho hasana ho bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tse kang ho tjheseletsa, ho sintering le ho koahela holim'a metsi (mohlala, kalafo ea ho hasana).
4. Tšebelisano ea Khatello le Mocheso: Litlamorao tse Kopantsoeng
Litšebelisong tse ngata tsa lefats'e la nnete, khatello le mocheso lia sebetsa 'moho. Mohlala, ho forging e chesang, tšepe e futhumatsoa ho e etsa hore e thekesele, ebe e hatelloa ka thata ho etsa hlobo. Likarolong tsa turbine, tšepe e ba tlas'a mocheso o phahameng le khatello (e amanang le khatello/mojaro) ka lilemo tse ngata. Motsoako ona o ka potlakisa ho thekesela, oxidation le tšenyo ea meaho e menyenyane.
Motsoako oa khatello le mocheso le oona o laola sekhahla sa ho hlaphoheloa, ho etsoa hape ha tšepe le kholo ea lithollo. Ha tšepe e fetoha polasetiki, ho senyeha ha tšepe hoa bokellana. Haeba e futhumatsoa hamorao, tšepe e ka boela ea fetoha hape: lithollo tse ncha lia thehoa 'me thepa ea tsona e ba bonolo haholoanyane empa matla a eona aa fokotseha. Mona ke moo taolo ea liparamente tsa ts'ebetso e bang ea bohlokoa ho fihlela thepa ea ho qetela e lakatsehang.
5. Litlamorao bakeng sa Mekhoa ea Tlhahiso le Moralo
Ho utloisisa liphello tsa khatello le mocheso ho re lumella ho ntlafatsa lits'ebetso le ho thibela ho hloleha. Ha ho etsoa lits'ebetso, khetho ea mocheso oa ts'ebetso e khetholla matla a hlokahalang, boleng ba bokaholimo, le monyetla oa ho petsoha. Ha ho chesetsoa, ho kenngoa ha mocheso ho susumetsa sebaka se amehileng ke mocheso (HAZ), boholo ba lijo-thollo, le ho thehoa ha likhatello tse setseng. Ho sa le joalo, khatello ea ts'ebetso le mojaro tlas'a maemo a ts'ebetso li tlameha ho nahanoa ho thibela ho thekesela ha thepa kapa ho robeha ha brittle.
Moralong oa boenjiniere, khetho ea motsoako hangata e ipapisitse le botsitso ba thepa ho feta mocheso le khatello. Li-superalloy tse thehiloeng ho nickel, mohlala, li khethoa bakeng sa mocheso o phahameng hobane li fana ka khanyetso e ntle ea ho thekesela. Litšepe tse ling li khethoa bakeng sa libaka tse batang hobane li fana ka ho tiea ho lekaneng mochesong o tlase.
Qetello
Khatello le mocheso ke lintho tse peli tsa bohlokoa tse ka fetolang thepa ea litšepe haholo. Mocheso o ama motsamao oa ho falla, liphetoho tsa mekhahlelo, ho tsamaisa motlakase, le liketsahalo tsa nako e telele tse kang ho creep. Khatello e susumetsa bongata, ho se sebetse hantle, ho ba le masoba, 'me, tlas'a maemo a feteletseng, e ka fetola karolo ea kristale. Litšebelisong tse ngata tsa indasteri, lintlha tsena tse peli li sebetsa ka nako e le 'ngoe, kahoo phello ea tsona e kopaneng e khetholla ts'ebetso ea ho qetela ea thepa. Ka ho utloisisa kamano pakeng tsa khatello, mocheso le sebopeho sa microstructure, baenjiniere le litsebi tsa tlhahiso ba ka khetha thepa e loketseng, lits'ebetso tsa taolo, le ho rala likarolo tse sireletsehileng le tse tšoarellang.
Haeba o lakatsa, nka fetola sengoloa sena hore e be sa "botekgeniki" haholoanyane (ka dikerafo tsa mehopolo, di-equation tsa motheo, le mehlala e ikgethang ya alloy) kapa se "ratoe" haholo ho mmadi ka kakaretso.
