Theknoloji ea Tlhahiso ea Tšepe e Hanelang Mocheso o Phahameng
Tlhoko ea thepa e ka mamellang mocheso o feteletseng e ntse e hola ka nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea sejoale-joale. Li-turbine tsa khase lifemeng tsa motlakase, lienjineng tsa lifofane, lirokete, lisebelisoa tsa peterole, esita le li-reactor le litsamaiso tsa ts'ebetso ea mocheso li hloka litšepe tse seng matla feela empa hape li tsitsitse ha li pepesehetse mocheso o phahameng ka nako e telele. Mona ke moo li-alloy tsa mocheso o phahameng li bapalang karolo ea bohlokoa. Sengoloa sena se tšohla likhopolo tsa motheo, mefuta ea thepa, le mahlale a bohlokoa tlhahisong le ts'ebetsong ea li-alloy tsa mocheso o phahameng, ho kenyeletsoa le liphephetso le litaelo tsa boqapi.
Tšepe e Hanelang Mocheso o Phahameng ke Eng?
Litšepe tse hanelang mocheso o phahameng ke litšepe kapa metsoako e kopantsoeng e etselitsoeng ho boloka thepa ea tsona ea mechini le ea lik'hemik'hale mochesong o phahameng—hangata e kaholimo ho 500°C, esita le ho feta 1000°C bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse itseng. Tlas'a maemo ana, litšepe tse ngata tse tloaelehileng li tla ba le ho nolofala, ho fetoha ha ka ho sa feleng (ho thekesela), ho oxidation e matla, kapa ho bola ho chesang. Litšepe tse hanelang mocheso o phahameng li tlameha ho ba le motsoako o latelang oa litšobotsi:
1. Matla a phahameng mochesong o phahameng (matla a chesang)
2. Khanyetso ea ho thekesela (ho hanyetsa ho fetoha butle ka lebaka la mojaro o sa khaotseng)
3. Ho hanyetsa oxidation le ts'enyeho ea mocheso
4. Botsitso ba sebopeho sa microstructure
5. Ho hanyetsa mokhathala oa mocheso o bakoang ke lipotoloho tsa ho futhumatsa le ho pholisa
Mefuta ea Alloy e Hanelang Mocheso o Phahameng
Tse ling tsa malapa a lintho tse bonahalang a sebelisoang haholo ke:
1. Li-superalloy tse thehiloeng ho nikeli (li-superalloy tse thehiloeng ho nikeli)
Ke thepa ea mantlha bakeng sa mahare a turbine ea khase le lienjene tsa jete hobane e ka mamella mocheso o phahameng haholo ha e ntse e boloka matla. Nickel e kopantsoe le lintho tse kang chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), aluminium (Al), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), le rhenium (Re). Motsoako ona o fella ka ho matlafala ka ho namela ha karolo ea γ' (gamma prime), e sebetsang hantle haholo ho haneleng ho thekesela.
2. Superalloy e thehiloeng ho Cobalt (e thehiloeng ho Cobalt)
E na le khanyetso e ntle ea ho bola ha mocheso 'me e sebelisoa likarolong tse itseng tsa ho qhibiliha ho chesang. Leha ho le joalo, matla a eona a ho thekesela hangata a tlase ho feta li-alloy tse thehiloeng ho nickel bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa mocheso o phahameng.
3. Tšepe e hanelang mocheso le tšepe e sa hloekang
Ka kakaretso e sebediswa maemong a mahareng ho isa ho a phahameng a mocheso (mohlala, 500–800°C). Ho eketsoa ha Cr ho ntlafatsa ho hanyetsa oxidation, ha Mo, V, le Nb di thusa ho hanyetsa ho thekesela.
4. Litšepe tsa thaethaniamo (litšepe tsa thaethaniamo)
Titanium e na le karolelano e phahameng ea matla-ho-boima, empa meeli ea eona ea mocheso oa ts'ebetso hangata e tlase ho feta ea li-superalloy tsa nickel. E loketse likarolo tsa enjene le tsa sefofane tse mocheso o mahareng.
5. Litšepe tse halefisang (W, Mo, Ta, Nb)
E na le ntlha e phahameng haholo ea ho qhibiliha 'me e sebelisoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse feteletseng, empa hangata e tobana le liphephetso tsa oxidation le litšenyehelo tsa ts'ebetso.
Mehato le Theknoloji ea ho Etsa Litšepe tse Hanelang Mocheso o Phahameng
1. Moralo oa sebopeho le boenjiniere ba meaho e menyenyane
Theknoloji ea thepa ea sejoale-joale e qala ka moralo oa motsoako o sebelisang mokhoa oa 'mele oa tšepe. Metsoako e khethoa ho khothaletsa matlafatso (mohlala, pula, ho matlafatsa tharollo e tiileng) le ho theha lera le tsitsitseng la tšireletso ea oxide. Bohlokoa bo lekanang ke taolo ea sebopeho sa microstructure: boholo ba lijo-thollo, kabo ea precipitate, le mekhahlelo ea matlafatso.
Kajeno, moralo oa motsoako o boetse o thusoa ke li-simulation tsa k'homphieutha tse kang CALPHAD le thermodynamic modeling ho bolela esale pele mekhahlelo e thehoang mochesong o fapaneng.
2. Ho qhibiliha ho tsoetseng pele: Ho qhibiliha ha Vacuum Induction le VAR
E 'ngoe ea liphephetso tse kholo tsa ho hlahisa li-alloy tse hanyetsang ke ho boloka bohloeki le ho laola likarolo tse arabelang. Ka hona, ts'ebetso ea ho qhibiliha hangata e etsoa tlas'a vacuum kapa sepakapaka se sa sebetseng.
– Ho Qhibiliha ha Vacuum Induction (VIM): tšepe e qhibilihisoa ka ho sebelisa induction ka har'a vacuum, e leng se fokotsang tšilafalo ea oksijene, naetrojene le haeterojene e ka bakang masoba le ho robeha ha bonolo.
– Ho Ntša Arc ea Vacuum (VAR): ingot ea pele e qhibilihisitsoeng e qhibilihisoa hape ka arc ea motlakase ka har'a vacuum ho ntlafatsa homogeneity le ho fokotsa karohano ea likarolo.
– Electroslag Remelting (ESR) e boetse e sebediswa ho ntlafatsa bohloeki ba tshepe ka ho e hlwekisa ka ho sebedisa slag.
Motsoako ona oa lits'ebetso o hlahisa li-ingot tsa boleng bo holimo tse loketseng likarolo tsa bohlokoa tse kang li-turbine le litsamaiso tsa ho tsamaisa.
3. Ho lahla ka nepo le ho tiisa tataiso
Bakeng sa likarolo tse rarahaneng tse kang mahare a turbine, ho etsa matsete (ho etsa matsete ka nepo ho sebedisa hlobo ya ceramic) ke theknoloji ya mantlha. Leha ho le jwalo, boqapi bo boholo lefatsheng la di-superalloy ke mokhoa wa ho tiisa ka tsela e tataisitsweng:
– Ho Tiea ka Tsela (DS): sebopeho sa koro se entswe hore se atolohele ka lehlakoreng le le leng, se fokotsa meedi ya koro e tshekaletseng e ka hahlamelang habonolo.
– Ho lahla ka Crystal e le 'Ngoe (SX): Mahare a turbine a entsoe ntle le meeli ea lithollo. Sena se ntlafatsa haholo ho hanyetsa mokhathala le ho thekesela ha mocheso, se nolofalletsa ts'ebetso maemong a mocheso o phahameng.
Theknoloji ea SX ke e 'ngoe ea lintho tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tse fihletsoeng ke litsebi tsa tšepe tsa sejoale-joale, empa e hloka taolo e thata haholo ea ts'ebetso 'me e theko e boima.
4. Tšepe ea phofo (Tšepe ea phofo)
Bakeng sa metsoako e itseng ya alloy, haholoholo eo ho leng thata ho e bopa kapa e sekametseng ho e arola nakong ya ho e tjhesa, metallurgy ya phofo e fana ka mokhoa o mong o motle. Tshebetso ena e kenyelletsa ho hlahisa phofo (mohlala, ka ho etsa atomization ya kgase), e ntoo kopanngwa le ho silwa.
Mekhoa ea bohlokoa ea theknoloji ena ke:
– Ho Hatella ka ho Chesa ka ho Isostatic (HIP): Phofo e kopanngoa ka ho sebedisa kgatello e phahameng le mocheso ka ho lekana ho tloha mahlakoreng ohle. HIP e boetse e sebediswa hangata ho tlosa masoba dikarolong tse entsweng ka foreime.
– Ho qapa ka mocheso o feteletseng: ho qapa ka mocheso o laolehileng ho hlahisa sebopeho se senyenyane le se ts'oanang.
Tšepe ea phofo e sebelisoa haholo li-disk tsa turbine hobane e hloka motsoako oa matla a phahameng le ho hanyetsa mokhathala.
5. Sebopeho le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng
Ka mora hore ingot e thehoe, dikarolo tse ngata di hloka mekgwa ya ho fetola dibopeho tsa polasetiki jwalo ka ho betla, ho phutholla, kapa ho ntsha dintho tse ding. Bakeng sa di-alloy tse hanyetsang, tshebetso ena e rarahane haholo hobane thepa hangata e na le fensetere e moqotetsane ya mocheso o sebetsang. Taolo ya mocheso, sekgahla sa ho fetola dibopeho le ho phodisa di ama boholo ba dijo-thollo le ho thehwa ha tsona ka potlako.
6. Kalafo ea mocheso (kalafo ea mocheso)
Kalafo ea mocheso ke "senotlolo" sa ho nolofalletsa ho matlafala ha metsoako e mengata. Mehato e tloaelehileng e kenyelletsa:
– Phekolo ea tharollo: ho qhala mekhahlelo e itseng e le hore kabo ea likarolo e be e ts'oanang.
– Botsofali: bo etsa matheba a manyane a matlafatsang thepa (mohlala, γ' ka di-superalloy tsa nickel).
– Ho imolla khatello ea maikutlo: ho fokotsa khatello e setseng e bakoang ke ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso.
Ho ntlafatsa kalafo ea mocheso ho ka fetola thepa ea thepa haholo, mohlala, ho eketsa ho hanyetsa ho thekesela ntle le ho fokotsa ho tiea.
7. Seaparo se sireletsang: Seaparo sa Thermal Barrier
Hangata, ha se motswako feela o bohlokwa, empa hape le lesira le sireletsang. Diturbine tsa sejwalejwale di sebedisa Dikoahelo tsa Thermal Barrier Coatings tsa ceramic (di-TBC) (mohlala, zirconia/YSZ tse tsitsitseng ya yttria) ho fokotsa ho kenella ha mocheso ka hara tshepe.
“Boea ba tšepe” bo entsoeng ka tšepe, joalo ka MCrAlY (M = Ni/Co), bo thusa ho theha alumina e sireletsang e hanelang oxidation. TBC e lumella mocheso o phahameng oa khase e sebetsang, e ntlafatsang katleho ea enjene.
8. Tlhahiso ea Tlatsetso
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, mekhoa ea khatiso ea tšepe ea 3D e kang Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) le Directed Energy Deposition (DED) e qalile ho sebelisoa ho li-superalloy. Melemo ea tsona e kenyelletsa meralo e rarahaneng, phokotso ea litšila le kopanyo ea likarolo. Leha ho le joalo, li tobane le liphephetso tse kholo: ho petsoha ho chesang, ho ba le masoba, khatello e setseng, le tlhoko ea liparamente tse nepahetseng haholo tsa ts'ebetso. Ts'ebetso ea kamora ts'ebetso e kang HIP le kalafo ea mocheso hoo e ka bang kamehla e hlokahala.
Liphephetso tsa Bohlokoa le Litaelo tsa Boiqapelo
Tlhahiso ea litšepe tse hanyetsang e 'nile ea e-ba tumellano pakeng tsa ts'ebetso, litšenyehelo le boiketlo ba tlhahiso. Liphephetso tsa bohlokoa li kenyelletsa ho laola liphoso tse nyenyane (li-pores, mapetsong), ho hanyetsa mafome libakeng tse mabifi, le ho itšetleha ka lintho tse turang tse kang rhenium. Ka hona, lipatlisiso tsa hajoale li shebane le:
- Ntlafatso ea li-superalloy tse nang le dikahare tse tlase tsa dielemente tse turang
– Metswako e metjha ya dikotwana tse kang dikotwana tse nang le entropy e ngata bakeng sa mocheso o phahameng
– Ntlafatso ea sekoahelo sa TBC se tšoarellang nako e telele
- Mekhoa e tsitsitseng le e netefalitsoeng ea tlhahiso ea litlatsetso bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa
Ho koala
Theknoloji ea tlhahiso ea tšepe e nang le mocheso o phahameng ke motsoako o rarahaneng oa saense ea thepa, metallurgy, le taolo e tsoetseng pele ea ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso. Ho tloha ho qhibiliha ha vacuum le ho lahla ka nepo ha kristale e le 'ngoe, metallurgy ea phofo, kalafo ea mocheso, le ho koahela ka mocheso, mohato o mong le o mong o khetholla ts'ebetso ea ho qetela ea thepa. Ka tlhoko e ntseng e eketseha ea ts'ebetso e ntle ea matla le lienjine tse sebetsang hantle, boqapi sebakeng sena bo tla tsoela pele ho ba motheo oa bohlokoa bakeng sa tsoelo-pele ea lifofane, tlhahiso ea motlakase le mahlale a nakong e tlang.
