Ts'ebetso ea Tšepe ea Nickel bakeng sa Litšebeliso tsa Lik'hemik'hale
Nickel ke tšepe ea bohlokoa indastering ea sejoale-joale, ka lits'ebetso tse tlohang tlhahisong ea tšepe e sa hloekang ho isa ho ho susumetsa liketso tse fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale. Pele nickel e ka sebelisoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa lik'hemik'hale, e tlameha ho feta letotong la lits'ebetso tse rarahaneng le tsa theknoloji e phahameng tsa ts'ebetso. Sengoloa sena se tla hlalosa ka botlalo ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea tšepe ea nickel, ho tloha ho merafong ho isa ts'ebelisong ea eona lits'ebetsong tsa lik'hemik'hale.
1. Merafo le ho Ntša Diminerale
Mohato oa pele oa ho sebetsana le nickel ke ho ntša tšepe ho tsoa lejoeng la nickel. Nickel e ka fumanoa mefuteng e 'meli e meholo ea lejoe: laterite le sulfide. Mofuta o mong le o mong oa lejoe o hloka mokhoa o fapaneng oa ho ntša.
Lejoe la Laterite
Majwe a laterite hangata a fumanwa dibakeng tsa tropike le tsa subtropical mme a bakwa ke ho putlama ha majwe a ruileng ka magnesium le tshepe. Nickel majweng a laterite hangata e amahanngwa le diminerale tsa oxide tse kang limonite le garnierite. Ho ntshwa ha nikeli ho laterite hangata ho kenyeletsa mekgwa ya pyrometallurgical le hydrometallurgical.
– Pyrometallurgy: E kenyelletsa ho futhumatsa oli ea laterite mochesong o phahameng ho qhibilihisa le ho etsa nickel. Ts'ebetso ena hangata e hloka tšebeliso ea sebōpi sa motlakase.
– Hydrometallurgy: E kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea High Pressure Acid Leach (HPAL), e kenyeletsang ts'ebeliso ea hydrochloric kapa sulfuric acid ka khatello e phahameng ho qhala nickel ho tsoa ore. Nickel e aroloa ka ho sebelisa mekhoa ea pula kapa ea ho ntša solvent.
Maru a Sulfide
Majwe a sulfide a atile haholo maemong a lehodimo a batang mme hangata a na le nickel ka sebopeho sa pentlandite ya diminerale. Mokgwa o sebediswang ho ntsha nickel ho majwe a sulfide ke:
– Ho Chesa: Majwe a sulfide a tjheswa moyeng ho fetola boholo ba sulfide hore e be di-oxide.
– Ho dutla: Ka mor'a moo, lejoe le chesitsoeng lea dutla ho qhala nikeli le liminerale tse ling tsa bohlokoa. Ho dutla hangata ho etsoa ka sulfuric acid.
– Tlhoekiso: Tharollo e nang le nickel e sebetsoa hape ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea tlhoekiso e kang ho hapa ka motlakase kapa ho tlosa nickel ka lik'hemik'hale ho fumana nickel e hloekileng.
2. Ho Hloekisa Nickel
Nikele e ntšitsoeng lerōleng ha e hloeke hang-hang 'me e hloka ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ho tlosa litšila le ho fumana nikele e hloekileng haholo. Mekhoa e meng ea ho hloekisa nikele e kenyelletsa:
Electrolysis
Ts'ebetso ea electrolysis e etsahala ka seleng ea electrolytic, moo tšepe ea nickel e kenngoang tharollong ea letsoai la nickel ho cathode. Electrolysis ke mokhoa o sebetsang haholo oa ho hlahisa nickel e hloekileng haholo, hangata e fetang 99,9%.
Ho Hloekisa ka Hydrometallurgy
Mekhoa ea hydrometallurgical e ka boela ea sebelisoa bakeng sa ho hloekisa nickel. Theknoloji ena hangata e kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea li-solvents le lik'hemik'hale tse ling ho tlosa litšila ho nickel.
– Ho Ntša Tharollo: Nikele e ntšoa tharollong ea ho ntša metsi ka mokhoa oa ho ntša metsi a qhibilihang, moo nikele e fetisetsoang mohatong oa tlhaho ebe e ntšoa mohatong oo.
– Phokotso ea Lik'hemik'hale: Mokhoa ona o sebelisa sesebelisoa sa ho fokotsa ho arola nikeli ho tsoa tharollong e nang le litšepe tse ling.
3. Mokhoa oa ho Sebetsa ka Nikele bakeng sa Litšebeliso tsa Lik'hemik'hale
Nikeli e hloekisitsoeng e fetoloa hore e be mefuta e loketseng lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale. Mekhoa ea bohlokoa mohatong ona e kenyelletsa tlhahiso ea metsoako ea nikeli le ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele.
Tlhahiso ea Metswako ea Nikele
Nickel e bohlokoa tlhahisong ea metsoako e fapaneng ea lik'hemik'hale, joalo ka nickel sulfate (NiSO4), nickel chloride (NiCl2), le nickel carbonate (NiCO3). Tatellano e akaretsang ea tlhahiso ea metsoako ena ke e latelang:
– Qhibiliho: Nikeli e hloekileng kapa oxide ea nikeli e qhibiliha ka har'a asiti e loketseng (mohlala, asiti ea sulfuric bakeng sa nikeli sulfate).
– Pula: Tharollo ea nickel e qhibilihisitsoeng e ntan'o phekoloa ka sesebelisoa se thibelang ho etsa motsoako o itseng. Mohlala, ho etsa nickel carbonate, sodium carbonate e ka eketsoa tharollong ea nickel sulfate.
– Tlhoekiso le Kgatelelo: Motswako wa nikeli o hlahang o a sefshwa, o a hlatsuwa, mme o a omiswa ho fumana sehlahiswa se hlwekileng. Ditheknoloji tse kang ho bopa hape le ho hlwekisa sebaka ka dinako tse ding di sebediswa ho ntlafatsa bohloeki ba sehlahiswa sa nikeli.
Ts'ebetso ea Nickel bakeng sa Li-Catalyst
Nickel e boetse e sebelisoa e le catalyst liketsong tse ngata tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa indasteri, ho kenyeletsoa hydrogenation le methane reforming. Ho hlahisa catalyst e sebetsang hantle, nickel e hloka ho kopanngoa le thepa ea tšehetso le ho sebetsoa ka ho eketsehileng:
– Pula: Nikele e beoa holim'a thepa e tšehetsang joalo ka alumina kapa silica ho eketsa sebaka sa bokaholimo ba nikele le ts'ebetso ea eona ea ho holisa.
– Phokotso: Nikele e kentsweng e a fokotswa ho e fetolela sebopehong sa tshepe e sebetsang.
– Ho kenya tshebetsong: Di-catalyst tsa nikeli hangata di hloka ho kenya tshebetsong mocheso pele di sebediswa ho fihlella maemo a matle a tshebetso.
4. Maiteko a Tšusumetso le Tsamaiso ea Tikoloho
Ts'ebetso ea ho sebetsana le nickel e na le litlamorao tse 'maloa tsa tikoloho tse lokelang ho laoloa hantle. Ho rafa le ho hloekisa nickel hangata ho fella ka ho ntšoa ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše, litšila tse chefo le tšebeliso e kholo ea matla. Ka hona, indasteri e nkile mehato e fapaneng ea ho fokotsa tikoloho, ho kenyeletsoa:
– Taolo ea Litšila: Taolo ea litšila tse tiileng le tse metsi tse tsoang ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso e bohlokoa haholo ho qoba tšilafalo ea mobu le metsi.
– Bokgoni ba Matla: Ho sebedisa mahlale a bolokang matla le mehlodi ya matla a ntjhafatswang ho fokotsa kganya ya khabone tshebetsong ya ho sebetsana le matla.
– Rekabro: Ho tsosolosoa ha libaka tsa merafo ka mor'a hore mesebetsi e phetheloe ho tsosolosa tikoloho ea tlhaho.
Qetello
Ho sebetsana le tshepe ya nikeli ke tshebetso e rarahaneng e kenyeletsang mekhahlelo e fapaneng, ho tloha ho merafong le ho ntsha ho isa ho hlwekisoeng, mme qetellong phetoho ho ba sehlahisoa se loketseng tshebediso ya dikhemikhale. Mokgahlelo ka mong o hloka theknoloji le tsebo e ikgethang ho laola boleng ba sehlahiswa le tshusumetso ya tikoloho. Ka boqapi le maqheka a nepahetseng, nikeli e ka sebetswa ka bokgabane le ka mosa tikolohong ho tshehetsa diindasteri tse fapaneng tsa dikhemikhale le ditshebediso tse ding tsa bohlokwa bophelong ba sejwalejwale.
