Mefuta ea Litšepe tse Sebelisoang ho Etsa Likarolo tsa Khomphutha
Lik'homphieutha tseo re li sebelisang letsatsi le letsatsi li bonahala eka ke pokello e ntle ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki: khese, skrine, keyboard, le lintho tse fapaneng tse ka hare. Leha ho le joalo, ka tlas'a tsohle ho na le "mokokotlo" oa thepa e bolokang sesebelisoa se tsitsitse, se tšoarella, 'me se khona ho tsamaisa motlakase le ho futhumatsa hantle. E 'ngoe ea lihlopha tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa thepa tlhahisong ea likarolo tsa lik'homphieutha ke tšepe. Litšepe li khethoa ka lebaka la ho tsamaisa ha tsona motlakase le mocheso hantle, matla a mechini, ho feto-fetoha ha tsona le ho hanyetsa mafome (ho latela mofuta). Sengoloa sena se tšohla mefuta ea litšepe tse sebelisoang hangata likarolong tsa lik'homphieutha, mesebetsi ea tsona, le hore na ke hobane'ng ha e le khetho ea mantlha ea indasteri.
1. Koporo
Koporo ke tšepe e tšoanang le lefats'e la lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki. Lebaka le hlakile: koporo e na le motlakase o phahameng haholo, e e lumellang ho tsamaisa motlakase ka katleho le ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea motlakase. Lik'homphieutheng, koporo e fumanoa haholo ho:
– Litsela tse ho PCB (Boto ea Potoloho e Hatisitsoeng): Mealo ea koporo e bopa "mekhoa" e hokahanyang likarolo tsa elektroniki.
– Likhoele le lihokelo: Likhoele tsa motlakase, likhoele tsa data, le lihokelo hangata li sebelisa li-core tsa koporo.
– Heatsink le phaephe ya mocheso: Kaha koporo e na le phallo e phahameng ya mocheso, e fetisetsa mocheso ka katleho ho tloha ho CPU/GPU ho ya mapheong a phodisang.
Bothata ba koporo ke theko ea eona e phahameng ho feta aluminium le boima ba eona bo boima. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa litlhoko tse ntle tsa phetisetso ea mocheso le motlakase, koporo e ntse e le tekanyetso.
2. Aluminium
Aluminium e sebelisoa haholo hobane e bobebe, e matla, e theko e tlase haholo, 'me e na le khanyetso e ntle ea mafome (ka lebaka la lera la eona la tlhaho la oxide). Ka har'a lisebelisoa tsa khomphutha, aluminium e sebelisoa hangata ho:
– Li-laptop le mabokose a PC: E fana ka matla a sebopeho ntle le ho eketsa boima bo feteletseng.
– Heatsink: Le hoja motlakase oa eona o le tlase ho feta koporo, aluminium e etsoa habonolo hore e be mapheo a masesaane a eketsang sebaka sa ho qhalana ha mocheso.
– Diforeimi le dibracket tsa dikarolo: Mohlala, dithapo tsa HDD/SSD kapa diforeimi tsa PSU.
Ka lebaka la ho sekisetsa pakeng tsa tshebetso ya mocheso, ditjeo le boima, aluminium e se e le tshepe e kgethwang bakeng sa meralo ya diindasteri tsa dikhomphutha tsa sejwalejwale, haholoholo dilaptop.
3. Khauta
Khauta e tsejoa e le tšepe ea bohlokoa, empa karolo ea eona lik'homphieutheng ha se feela "mabothobotho." Khauta e sebelisoa hobane:
– Ho tsamaisa motlakase hantle
– E hanela haholo ho bola le ho qhibilihisoa ha oksijene
– Ho kopana ha motlakase ho tsitsitseng nako e telele
Khauta hangata e fumanoa e le lesela le lesesaane (gold plating) holim'a li-connector pin, tse kang li-connector tsa RAM, li-slots tsa PCIe, li-connector tse itseng tsa cable, le li-contact tsa CPU. Haeba li-connector tsa li-connector li senyeha habonolo, ho ka etsahala tšitiso ea lets'oao, e leng se bakang liphoso, esita le ho thibela sesebelisoa hore se se ke sa bonoa. Li-connector tsa khauta li thusa ho boloka boleng ba li-connector tsa motlakase, haholo-holo libakeng tse nang le khohlano khafetsa nakong ea ho kenya le ho tlosa.
4. Silevera
Silevera e na le motlakase o phahameng ka ho fetisisa har'a litšepe, e betere le ho feta koporo. Leha ho le joalo, e theko e boima haholo 'me e ka fifala (ea fifala) ka lebaka la karabelo ea sebabole moeeng. Ho sa tsotellehe sena, silevera e ntse e sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse 'maloa tse ikhethileng, tse kang:
– Li-pastes tse itseng tse tsamaisang motlakase le tse solderang
– Dikgokelo tsa motlakase tse sebetsang hantle haholo
– Mealo kapa dikarolo tse ding disebedisweng tse itseng di hloka kganyetso e tlase haholo.
Ka kakaretso dikarolong tsa khomphutha, silevera hangata ha e sebediswe haholo jwalo ka koporo kapa aluminium ka lebaka la ditjeo.
5. Lekoti
Tin e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho kopanyeng. Solder ke tšepe e hokahanyang e kopanyang likarolo tsa elektroniki le liboto tsa potoloho tse hatisitsoeng. Pele, solder e ne e e-na le loto e ngata, empa indasteri ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki joale e se e fetohetse ho solder e se nang loto, eo hangata e thehiloeng ho tin ka motsoako oa litšepe tse ling tse kang silevera le koporo.
Lik'homphieutha tsa sejoale-joale li na le li-solder joints tse likete, haholo-holo libotong tsa bo-'mè le likarete tsa litšoantšo. Boleng ba solder bo bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'epo ea sesebelisoa: ho soldera ho fokolang ho ka baka likhokahano tse petsohileng (haholo-holo ho tsoa lipotolohong tsa mocheso le serame), e leng se lebisang mathateng a kang "ho se be le ponts'o," ho qala bocha ha sesebelisoa khafetsa, kapa ho hloleha ha kou ka tšohanyetso.
6. Nikele
Nickel hangata e sebelisoa e le lesela le sireletsang le le matlafatsang likarolong tse ngata. Mosebetsi oa eona o ka sehloohong ke ho eketsa ho hanyetsa mafome le ho ntlafatsa litšobotsi tsa mechini tsa libaka. Mehlala ea tšebeliso ea nickel likarolong tsa khomphutha e kenyelletsa:
– Ho maneha sehokelong (hangata e le lera la motheo pele ho khauta)
– Ho koahela heatsink kapa likarolo tse itseng ho thibela oxidation
– Motsoako oa metsoako e fapaneng ea tšepe
Nickel le yona e bohlokwa indastering ya electroplating, kaha e thusa ho theha dibaka tse matla le tse tshwarellang.
7. Tšepe le Tšepe (Tšepe le Tšepe)
Leha dikhomphutha di tshwana le "dikarolo tse nyane tsa elektroniki," sebopeho sa tsona sa mmele se sebedisa tshepe le tshepe haholo. Tshepe ke motswako wa tshepe o nang le khabone e ekeditsweng le dielemente tse ding ho eketsa matla. Dikhomphutheng, tshepe e sebediswa hangata bakeng sa:
– Foreimi ea khese ea PC ea komporo
– Dikurufu, dibracket, le disireletsi tsa dikarolo
– Likarolo tsa ka hare tsa PSU (Yuniti ea Phepelo ea Motlakase)
Tšepe/tšepe e na le melemo mabapi le matla le litšenyehelo, leha e le boima ebile e ka senyeha habonolo haeba e sa koaheloa. Ka hona, likarolo tsa tšepe hangata li pentiloe, li entsoe ka galvanized, kapa lipente tse ling.
8. Zinki
Hangata zinki e sebediswa e le sekwahelo se sireletsang (galvanization) hodima tshepe ho thibela mafome. E boetse e sebediswa metswakong e kang:
– Koporo: motsoako oa koporo le zinki, o atisang ho sebelisoa ho li-screw, li-standoff tsa motherboard, le lihokelo tse ling hobane e matla ebile e hanela mafome.
– Motsoako o kopanyang die-casting (mohlala, Zamak): o sebediswa bakeng sa dikarolo tse nyane tse hlokang dibopeho tse nepahetseng, matla a lekaneng, le tlhahiso e theko e tlase ya boima.
Zinc ha e "bonwe" ke mosebelisi ka seoelo, empa e tlatsetsa haholo ho tšoarelleng ha mechini le bophelong ba karolo.
9. Cobalt
Hangata Cobalt e tšohloa moelelong oa libeteri, haholo-holo libetering tsa lithium-ion tse sebelisoang lilaptop. Lik'hemistri tse ling tsa libeteri li sebelisa thepa e thehiloeng ho cobalt (mohlala, LCO kapa NMC) ho ntlafatsa botsitso le bongata ba matla. Le hoja e se "tšepe" ka mokhoa oa sebopeho se kang masapo, cobalt ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea thepa ea electrochemical ea betri.
Ka lebaka la botsitso le mathata a merafo ea boitšoaro, indasteri e ntse e tsoela pele ho nts'etsapele libeteri tse nang le cobalt e tlase, empa cobalt e ntse e le karolo ea bohlokoa libetering tse ngata.
10. Tantalum (Tantalum)
Hangata Tantalum e sebelisoa ho li-capacitor tsa tantalum, e leng likaroloana tse nyane tse bolokang le ho tsitsisa litefiso tsa motlakase. Mofuta ona oa capacitor o tsebahala ka:
– Boholo bo bonyenyane bo nang le bokgoni bo phahameng
– E tsitsitse mochesong o itseng
– E ka tšeptjoa bakeng sa lipotoloho tsa motlakase
Li-capacitor tsa Tantalum li atisa ho fumanoa libotong tsa bo-mme, likarete tsa litšoantšo le lisebelisoa tse nyane tsa k'homphieutha. Leha ho le joalo, hobane tantalum e amahanngoa le mathata a "liminerale tsa likhohlano" (liketane tse itseng tsa phepelo), bahlahisi ba baholo hangata ba na le maano a thata a ho fumana mehloli.
Ho koala
Ho thehoa ha likarolo tsa khomphutha ke motsoako oa theknoloji e phahameng le khetho e ikhethang ea thepa. Koporo e ipabola bakeng sa litsela tsa motlakase le phetisetso ea mocheso, aluminium e loketse meaho e bobebe le li-heat sinks, khauta le nickel li boloka likhokahano tsa boleng, tin e etsa mokokotlo oa solder, 'me tšepe e fana ka matla a mechini ho chassis. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, litšepe tse kang cobalt le tantalum li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa libetering le ho tšehetsa likarolo tsa elektroniki. Ho utloisisa mefuta ea litšepe tse sebelisoang lik'homphutheng ho re thusa ho bona hore lisebelisoa tsa dijithale ha se "li-chip" le "software" feela, empa hape ke mesebetsi e rarahaneng ea boenjiniere ba thepa ea maemo a indasteri.
Haeba o rata, nka eketsa karolo e inehetseng e hlalosang litšepe karolong ka 'ngoe (CPU, GPU, RAM, motherboard, SSD/HDD, PSU, le khese) ho etsa hore sengoloa se hlophisitsoe hantle joaloka mojule oa ho ithuta.
