Mokhoa oa ho Etsa Cobalt Alloy bakeng sa Lienjini tsa Turbo
Li-alloy tse thehiloeng ho Cobalt li tsejoa haholo e le thepa e sebetsang hantle bakeng sa likarolo tsa turbocharger—li-turbocharger tsa likoloi le li-turbine tsa khase—ka lebaka la ho hanyetsa mocheso o phahameng, oxidation, ho bola ho chesang le ho tsofala. Libakeng tsa turbocharger, thepa e tlameha ho boloka matla mochesong o phahameng, ho mamella potoloho e pheta-phetoang ea ho pholisa mocheso, le ho lula e tsitsitse ka sebopeho sa microscopic ho hanela ho petsoha kapa ho senyeha.
Leha ho le jwalo, ho theha di-alloy tsa cobalt bakeng sa ditshebediso tsa turbomachinery ho kenyeletsa ho fetang feela ho "kopanya" cobalt le dielemente tse ding. Tshebetso ena e kenyeletsa moralo wa sebopeho, taolo ya bohloeki, mekgwa e nepahetseng ya ho qhibilihisa, mekgwa ya ho lahla kapa ho etsa, kalafo ya mocheso, le teko ya boleng. Sengoloa sena se bua ka mehato le melaomotheo ya bohlokwa e amehang ho theheng di-alloy tsa cobalt tse loketseng dikarolo tsa turbomachinery, ka mokgwa wa botekgeniki empa o fumaneha habonolo.
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1. Utloisisa litlhoko tsa thepa ea enjene ea turbo
Pele o rala motsoako o kopantsoeng, fumana litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso tsa likarolo tsa turbocharger tse reriloeng, joalo ka lebili la turbine, vane ea tataiso ea nozzle, ntlo, kapa likarolo tsa khohlano. Ka kakaretso, metsoako ea cobalt e khethoa hobane:
1. Matla a chesang: ha e nolofatse kapele mochesong o phahameng oa ts'ebetso.
2. Ho hanyetsa oxidation: ha e thehe lekoko le robehang habonolo le potlakisang tshenyo.
3. Ho hanyetsa mafome a chesang: ho bohlokoa ha ho na le litšila tsa sebabole, letsoai, kapa masala a mafura.
4. Ho hanyetsa ho tsofala: likarolong tse nang le khoholeho ea likaroloana kapa ho kopana ha khohlano.
5. Ho tsitsa ha sebopeho sa microstructure: ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho petsoha ha mocheso le mokhathala.
Lienjeneng tse nang le turbocharger, mocheso o ka ba holimo haholo, 'me liphetoho tse potlakileng tsa mocheso li ka baka khatello ea mocheso. Ka hona, li-alloy li tlameha ho ba tse tsitsitseng le tse matla ho pholletsa le potoloho ea ts'ebetso.
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2. Fumana mofuta oa motsoako oa cobalt: lelapa la “Co–Cr–W” kapa “Co–Ni–Cr”
Indastering, li-alloy tsa cobalt hangata li bua ka malapa a kang Stellite (hangata Co-Cr-W-C) kapa mefuta e fapaneng ea Co-Ni-Cr e leka-lekaneng ho hanyetsa mafome le ho tiea.
– Chromium (Cr): e eketsa oxidation le ho hanyetsa mafome mochesong o phahameng hobane e thusa ho theha lera le sireletsang oxide.
– Tungsten (W) / Molybdenum (Mo): e eketsa matla mochesong o phahameng le ho hanyetsa ho tsofala, mme e matlafatsa ditharollo tse tiileng.
– Khabone (C): e etsa dikhabide (mohlala, M\_7C\_3, M\_23C\_6) tse eketsang ho hanyetsa ho tsofala, empa haeba di le ngata haholo di ka etsa hore thepa e robehe habonolo.
– Nikele (Ni): e eketsa ho tiea le ho sebetsa habonolo, hangata e sebelisetsoa ho leka-lekanya litšobotsi tsa mechini.
– Tšepe (Fe): e ka hlaha e le litšila kapa e le karolo e theko e tlase ea ho kopanya, empa maemo a holimo haholo a ka fokotsa ts'ebetso ea mocheso o phahameng.
Bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse chesang haholo tsa turbocharger, metsoako hangata e entsoe ka taolo e tiileng holim'a likarolo tse ka bakang karohano kapa ho fokotsa khanyetso ea oxidation habonolo. Ntle le motsoako, bohloeki le bona bo bohlokoa: sebabole, phosphorus, oksijene le naetrojene li tlameha ho laoloa hobane li ka baka ho kenngoa kapa ho robeha ha moeli oa lijo-thollo.
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3. Ho lokisa thepa e tala le taolo ea bohloeki
Mohato oa pele oo hangata o khethollang boleng ba ho qetela ke khetho ea thepa e tala:
1. Cobalt e hloekileng (ingot kapa cathode) e le motheo o ka sehloohong.
2. Ferrochrome kapa chromium e hloekileng, hammoho le W/Mo ka sebopeho sa tšepe kapa motsoako o moholo.
3. Khabone hangata e eketsoa ka motsoako o moholo kapa thepa e lekantsoeng ho laola dikahare tsa khabone.
4. Di-deoxidizer (mohlala, dielemente tse itseng tse tlamang oksijene) di ka sebediswa ho ya ka tsela ya tshebetso.
Lisebelisoa tsohle li lokela ho bekha ka nepo ho latela sebopeho se reretsoeng. Mongobo, mafome, kapa tšilafalo ea oli linthong tse tala li ka eketsa likhase tse qhibilihisitsoeng le lintho tse kenyellelitsoeng, e leng se tla fokotsa ho hanyetsa mokhathala ha likarolo tsa turbo.
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4. Mokhoa oa ho qhibilihisa: ho kenya ka vacuum kapa ESR bakeng sa boleng bo holimo
Kaha di-alloy tsa cobalt bakeng sa di-turbocharger di hloka boleng bo hodimo, tshebetso ya ho qhibilihisa hangata e sebedisa theknoloji e kgonang ho laola kgase le dintho tse kentsweng.
a) Ho Qhibiliha ha Vacuum Induction (VIM)
Ho qhibiliha ha induction ka vacuum ho thusa:
- fokotsa oksijene le likhase tse qhibilihisitsoeng,
– fokotsa tšilafalo,
– e hlahisa motsoako o nepahetseng haholoanyane.
Thepa ena e kenngoa butle-butle ka har'a sebopi, e qhibilihisoa, ebe likarolo tsa alloying li eketsoa ka tatellano e le hore li qhibilihe ka botlalo 'me li se ke tsa fetoha mouoane kapa tsa oxidation.
b) Ho Qhibilihisa Matla a Motlakase ka Motlakase (ESR) / Ho Qhibilihisa Matla a Motlakase ka Motlakase (VAR)
Bakeng sa lihlahisoa tsa bohlokoa, li-ingot tsa VIM hangata li lateloa ke ESR kapa VAR ho:
– fokotsa lintho tse kenyellelitsoeng tse seng tsa tšepe,
– ntlafatsa sebopeho sa ingot,
– fokotsa karohano.
ESR e sebetsa hantle haholo ho ntlafatseng bohloeki ba tšepe, ha VAR e tumme bakeng sa li-alloy tse sebetsang hantle tse hlokang ho tšoana ho hoholo.
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5. Ho lahla le ho bopa: ho tloha ho ingot ho ea ho sebopeho sa karolo
Kamora ho qhibiliha, thepa e boptjoa ka sebopeho se lakatsehang ka litsela tse 'maloa:
a) Ho lahla ka nepo (ho lahla matsete)
E loketse li-geometri tse rarahaneng tse kang mahare a manyane a turbine kapa likarolo tse bōpehileng ka mokhoa o rarahaneng. Melemo ea eona:
– lintlha tse qaqileng,
- ho sebetsa ka mokhoa o fokolang,
– bokgoni ba tlhahiso.
Leha ho le jwalo, ho lahla ho hloka taolo e tiileng haholo ho boloka masoba, ho fokotseha le karohano di le tlase.
b) Ho betla kapa ho sebetsa ka mocheso
Haeba likarolo li lumella, ho betla ho ka fana ka:
– sebopeho sa lithollo tse teteaneng haholoanyane,
– litšobotsi tse betere tsa mokhathala,
– masoba a tlase ho feta ho lahla ho tloaelehileng.
Mefuta e meng ea cobalt e "thata ho sebetsa" ho feta mefuta e tloaelehileng ea tšepe, kahoo litekanyo tsa mocheso o sebetsang ka mocheso le sekhahla sa ho fetoha ha eona li tlameha ho nepahala ho thibela ho petsoha ha mocheso.
c) Tšepe ea phofo / HIP (Ho hatella ho chesang ka ho chesa)
Bakeng sa ditlhoko tse phahameng haholo (mohlala, bongata bo atamelang 100% le dibopeho tse nyane tse nyane), mokgwa wa phofo + HIP o ka kgethwa. Mokgwa ona o bitsa tjhelete e ngata, empa o fokotsa masoba a ka hare mme o ntlafatsa botsitso ba thepa.
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6. Kalafo ea mocheso: e tsitsisa sebopeho sa micro le ho ntlafatsa thepa
Kalafo ea mocheso ea li-alloy tsa cobalt e ikemiselitse ho laola:
- kabo ea lik'habohaedreite,
– boholo ba lijo-thollo,
– khatello ea maikutlo e setseng,
– ho leka-lekana ha matla khahlanong le ho tiea.
Ka kakaretso, mehato e ka kenyeletsa:
1. Phekolo ea tharollo ho qhala mekhahlelo e itseng le ho leka-lekanya sebopeho.
2. Ho tsofala ho etsa di-precipitate/di-carbide tse laolwang ho eketsa matla le ho thatafala.
3. Ho imolla khatello ea maikutlo ho fokotsa khatello e setseng e bakoang ke lits'ebetso tsa ho lahla, ho sebetsa ka machining, kapa ho tjheseletsa.
Litekanyetso tsa mocheso le nako li lokela ho khethoa ho latela sebopeho se itseng, hobane motsoako o mong le o mong o arabela ka tsela e fapaneng kalafong ea mocheso.
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7. Ho etsa mechini, ho qeta le ho roala (ha ho hlokahale)
Hangata litšepe tse kopantsoeng tsa cobalt li thata ho li sebelisa ka mochini hobane li thata, lia teteana ebile ha li chese. Maano a tloaelehileng a kenyelletsa:
– sebelisa lisebelisoa tse loketseng (khabohaedreite kapa mofuta o itseng),
– taolo ea lebelo la ho pholisa le ho khaola,
– fokotsa ho thothomela.
Ho eketsa bophelo ba ts'ebeletso libakeng tse chesang haholo, likarolo tsa turbo ka linako tse ling li koahetsoe ka khanyetso ea oxidation/thermal (mohlala, sekoahelo sa thibelo ea mocheso) kapa hardfacing libakeng tse itseng. Tšebeliso ea sekoahelo e tlameha ho nahana ka ho lumellana ha li-coefficients tsa katoloso le ho khomarela ho thibela ho petsoha nakong ea potoloho ea mocheso.
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8. Teko ea boleng: ho netefatsa hore e loketse libaka tsa turbo
Kaha li-turbo li sebetsa tlas'a maemo a feteletseng, liteko tsa boleng li ke ke tsa hlokomolohuoa. Liteko tse tloaelehileng li kenyelletsa:
– Tlhahlobo ea lik'hemik'hale (OES/XRF) ho netefatsa hore motsoako o nepahetse.
– Teko ea microstructure (metallographic) ho hlahloba lik'habohaedreite, masoba, karohano le boholo ba lijo-thollo.
– Liteko tsa ho thatafala le ho tsitlella mochesong oa kamore, 'me haeba ho hlokahala, mocheso o phahameng.
- Teko ea ho thothomela le mokhathala bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse tsoetseng pele tsa turbine.
– NDT (Teko e sa Senyeheng) e kang radiography, ultrasonic, kapa penetrant ho lemoha diphoso tsa ka hare/hodimo.
Likarolo tsa turbo li hloka maemo a holimo a botsitso; esita le liphoso tse nyane li ka fetoha mapetso ha li sebetsa ka lebelo le phahameng.
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9. Rekoto ea polokeho ea indasteri le ho latela melao
Cobalt le tse ling tsa likarolo tsa eona tsa ho kopanya li hloka tlhokomelo ea K3:
– lerōle la cobalt le tsoang ho sileng le ka ba kotsi haeba le hema,
– mokhoa o kotsi haholo oa ho qhibilihisa,
– matlakala le mafome di lokela ho laolwa ho ya ka melao ya tikoloho.
Ka tekanyo ea indasteri, tlhahiso ea li-alloy bakeng sa likarolo tsa turbo hangata e latela maemo a boleng le litsamaiso tsa tsamaiso (mohlala, maemo a thepa, mekhoa ea NDT, lipalo tsa mocheso tse ka lateloang), hobane lintlha tsa polokeho le botšepehi ke tsona lintho tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa.
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Qetello
Ho etsa di-alloy tsa cobalt bakeng sa turbomachinery ke tshebetso e kopanyang moralo wa dikompo le taolo e matla ya tshebetso ya metallurgical. Mehato ya bohlokwa e kenyeletsa ho fumana ditlhoko tsa tshebediso, moralo wa alloy (hangata Co-Cr e thehilweng hodima dikeketso tse laolwang tsa W/Mo, Ni, le C), ho qhibiliha ha boleng bo hodimo (VIM/ESR/VAR), ho bopa ka ho lahla/ho forging/HIP ka nepo, kalafo ya mocheso ho tsitsisa sebopeho sa micro, le teko e phethahetseng ho netefatsa hore thepa e se e loketse ho mamella dithempereichara tse feteletseng le meroalo.
Ka mokhoa o nepahetseng, li-alloy tsa cobalt li ka fana ka motsoako o motle oa mocheso, oxidation, ho bola ho chesang le ho hanyetsa ho tsofala - e leng se etsang hore e be khetho e ntle bakeng sa likarolo tsa turbo tse hlokang ho tšepahala ha nako e telele.
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Haeba o lakatsa, nka etsa mefuta e tobileng haholoanyane bakeng sa li-turbocharger tsa likoloi (lithempereichara le maemo a fapaneng) kapa li-turbine tsa khase tsa indasteri, ho kenyeletsoa mehlala ea "litataiso tsa sebopeho" sa alloy, phallo e loketseng ka ho fetisisa ea ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso, le mefuta e khothaletsoang ea liteko bakeng sa karolo ka 'ngoe.
