Ho arola lintho tse phelang ka lihlopha ke mokhoa oa ho arola lintho tse phelang ka lihlopha ho latela ho tšoana ha tsona le liphapang tsa tsona litšobotsing. Morero o ka sehloohong oa ho arola lintho tsena ka lihlopha ke ho utloisisa likamano tsa ho iphetola ha lintho har'a lintho tse phelang le ho hlophisa tlhahisoleseling mabapi le mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang Lefatšeng. Sistimi ea ho arola lintho e sebelisoang kajeno, e tsejoang e le taxonomy, e bile le tsoelo-pele e mengata ho tloha ha e hlahisoa. Sehlooho sena se tla tšohla nalane ea ho arola lintho tse phelang ka lihlopha, litsamaiso tsa ho arola tse sebelisoang, le bohlokoa ba ho arola lintho tse phelang ka lihlopha.
Histori ea ho Hlophisa Lintho tse Phelang
Ho arola lintho tse phelang ka lihlopha e bile taba eo bo-rasaense ba e tsepamisitseng maikutlo ho tloha mehleng ea boholo-holo. E 'ngoe ea boiteko ba pele bo hlahelletseng e entsoe ke Aristotle, rafilosofi oa Mogerike ea phetseng lekholong la bo4 la lilemo BC. Aristotle o ile a arola lintho tse phelang ho latela libaka tsa tsona tsa bolulo le litšobotsi tsa 'mele, tse kang naha, metsi le liphoofolo tsa moea.
Leha ho le jwalo, tsamaiso e hlophisehileng haholoanyane ya ho arola e ile ya qala ho hola lekgolong la bo18 la dilemo ka menehelo ya Carolus Linnaeus, setsebi sa baeloji sa Sweden. Linnaeus o hlahisitse tsamaiso ya binomial ya mabitso, e fang mofuta o mong le o mong lebitso la saense le nang le dikarolo tse pedi: mofuta le mofuta. Mohlala, lebitso la saense la batho ke Homo sapiens , moo Homo e leng mofuta mme sapiens e le mofuta.
Linnaeus o boetse a thehile tsamaiso ea tatellano ea lihlopha e kenyeletsang maemo a 'maloa a taxonomic: 'muso, phylum, sehlopha, tatellano, lelapa, mofuta le mefuta. Tsamaiso ena, leha e fetotsoe, e ntse e sebelisoa le kajeno 'me e tsejoa e le tsamaiso ea Linnean.
Sistimi ea Mekhahlelo ea Kajeno
Mokgweng wa sejwalejwale wa ho arola dintho, dintho tse phelang di hlophiswa ho ya ka taxonomy ya Linnean, ka ho eketswa ha dihlopha tse ntjha tse bontshang kutlwisiso e betere ya dikamano tsa ho iphetola ha dintho hara dintho tse phelang. Maemo a ka sehloohong a ho arola dintho tse phelang ke ana:
- domain name: Ena ke boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsamaisong ea kajeno ea ho arola. Ho na le libaka tse tharo tse ka sehloohong: Archaea, Baktheria le Eukarya. Archaea le Baktheria li na le likokoana-hloko tsa prokaryotic (tse se nang nucleus ea sele), ha Eukarya e kenyelletsa likokoana-hloko tsohle tsa eukaryotic (tse nang le nucleus ea sele), ho kenyeletsoa le li-protist, li-fungus, limela le liphoofolo.
- 'Muso: Tlas'a puso, ho na le mebuso e 'maloa. Mohlala, pusong ea Eukarya, ho na le mebuso e mene e meholo: Protista, Fungus, Plantae, le Animalia.
- Phylum: 'Muso o mong le o mong o na le li-phyla tse 'maloa (kapa likarohano moelelong oa limela). Mohlala, 'muso oa Animalia o kenyelletsa phyla Chordata (e kenyeletsang liphoofolo tse nang le lesapo la mokokotlo) le Arthropoda (e kenyeletsang likokoanyana le li-crustacean).
- Class: Sehlopha se seng le se seng sa dihlopha se arotsoe ka dihlopha tse mmalwa. Mohlala, ho dihlopha tsa diphoofolo tse anyesang, ho na le dihlopha tsa Mammalia (diphoofolo tse anyesang), Aves (dinonyana), Reptilia (dihahabi), jj.
- TaeloSehlopha se seng le se seng se arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 'maloa. Mohlala, ka har'a sehlopha sa Mammalia, ho na le lihlopha tsa Primates, Carnivora, jj.
- Family: Sehlopha se seng le se seng se arotsoe ka malapa a 'maloa. Mohlala, tatellanong ea Li-Primates, ho na le lelapa la Hominidae (le kenyeletsang batho le litšoene tse kholo).
- Mofuta: Lelapa ka leng le arotsoe ka mefuta e 'maloa. Mohlala, lelapeng la Hominidae, ho na le sehlopha sa Homo (se kenyeletsang batho) le Pan (se kenyeletsang lichimpanzi).
- Mefuta: Ena ke boemo bo tobileng ka ho fetisisa sehlopheng mme bo kenyelletsa batho ba ka ikatisang le ho hlahisa bana ba nonneng. Mohlala, Homo sapiens ke mofuta oa batho ba mehleng ea kajeno.
Bohlokoa ba ho Arola Lintho tse Phelang ka Sehlopha
Ho arola lintho tse phelang ka lihlopha ho na le melemo e 'maloa ea bohlokoa baelojing le lits'ebetsong tse sebetsang:
- Mokhatlo oa TlhahisoleselingKa ho arola diphedi ka lihlopha ho latela dibopeho tsa tsona tse arolelanwang, ho arola diphedi ka sehlopha ho thusa ho hlophisa le ho hlophisa tlhahisoleseding ka mokgwa o hlophisehileng mabapi le mefutafuta ya diphedi. Sena se nolofalletsa bo-rasaense ho ithuta le ho utlwisisa dikamano pakeng tsa diphedi tse fapaneng.
- Boitsebiso le Puisano: Mabitso a saense a tsitsitseng a dumella bo-rasaense lefatsheng ka bophara ho buisana ka ho hlaka ka mofuta o itseng ntle le pherekano. Sistimi ya binomial ya mabitso e netefatsa hore mofuta o mong le o mong o na le lebitso le ikgethang, le tsebahalang matjhabeng.
- Lithuto tsa ho iphetola ha linthoHo arola lintho tse phelang ka lihlopha ho thusa ho utloisisa nalane ea ho iphetola ha lintho le likamano tsa phylogenetic har'a lintho tse phelang. Ka ho ithuta litšobotsi tse arolelanoang ke lihlopha tse itseng, bo-rasaense ba ka haha sefate sa bophelo bocha le ho latela tšimoloho ea mefuta ea lintho.
- Paballo: Tlhahisoleseding mabapi le ho hlophisoa le ho aroloa ha lintho tse phelang ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa boiteko ba paballo. Ka ho tseba hore na ke mefuta efe e kotsing ea ho timela le libaka tsa eona tsa bolulo, batho ba sireletsang paballo ea lintho tse phelang ba ka rala maano a ho sireletsa mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang.
- Bongaka le Bophelo bo BotleHo hlophisoa ha lintho tse phelang ho boetse ho na le ts'ebeliso ho tsa bongaka le bophelo bo botle. Mohlala, ho utloisisa ho hlophisoa ha libaktheria le livaerase ho bohlokoa ho fumaneng mafu le nts'etsopele ea meriana.
Mehlala ea Tlhophiso ea Lintho tse Phelang
Mohlala, ha re shebeng karohano ea batho maemong a taxonomic:
- domain name: Eukarya – Batho ke diphedi tsa eukaryotic tse nang le disele tse nang le di-nuclei.
- 'Muso: Liphoofolo – Batho ke liphoofolo hobane re na le bokhoni ba ho tsamaea le ho ja lintho tse ling tse phelang.
- Phylum: Chordata – Batho ba kenyelelitsoe sehlopheng sena hobane re na le mokokotlo.
- ClassMammalia – Batho ke liphoofolo tse anyesang hobane re na le moriri le matsoele.
- Taelo: Li-Primate – Batho ke li-primate, tse nang le litšobotsi tse kang menoana e tsamaeang, mahlo a shebileng pele, le boko bo boholo.
- Family: Hominidae – Batho ke ba lelapa lena le kenyeletsang le litšoene tse khōlō tse kang likorilla le lichimpanzi.
- Mofuta: Homo – Mofuta ona o kenyeletsa batho ba mehleng ena le beng ka motho ba seng ba timetse.
- Mefuta: Homo sapiens – Mofuta oa batho oa sejoale-joale.
Lintlafatso tsa Nakong e Tlang tsa Tlhophiso
Ho hlophisoa ha lintho tse phelang ho ntse ho tsoela pele ho fetoha ka tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji le lipatlisiso. Tlhahlobo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le baeloji ea limolek'hule li butse tsela bakeng sa kutloisiso e tebileng ea likamano tsa ho iphetola ha lintho har'a lintho tse phelang. Mekhoa e mecha e kang tlhahlobo ea genomic le proteomic e fana ka lintlha tse nepahetseng haholoanyane 'me e lumella liphetoho litsamaisong tse teng tsa ho hlophisoa.
Ho feta moo, kgatelopele theknolojing ya tlhahisoleseding le bioinformatics e nolofaditse tsamaiso le tlhahlobo ya tlhahisoleseding e kgolo ya mefutafuta ya diphedi. Sena se thusitse ho theha database ya lefatshe lohle e ka fihlellehang ho bafuputsi lefatsheng ka bophara.
Ka lebaka la liphephetso tsa lefats'e tse kang phetoho ea tlelaemete le tahlehelo ea libaka tsa bolulo, kutloisiso e felletseng ea mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang le ho li arola e ntse e e-ba bohlokoa haholo. Maiteko a atlehang a paballo ea tikoloho a hloka tsebo e nepahetseng ea mefuta e teng le tikoloho.
Qetello
Ho arola lintho tse phelang ka lihlopha ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea baeloji, e re thusang ho utloisisa le ho hlophisa mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang Lefatšeng. Ho tloha tsamaisong e bonolo e hlahisitsoeng ke Aristotle ho ea litsamaisong tse rarahaneng, tse thehiloeng liphatsa tsa lefutso tse sebelisoang kajeno, ho arola lintho ho fetohile ho bonahatsa kutloisiso ea rona e tebileng ea bophelo. Ka ho arola lintho ka lihlopha, re ke ke ra ithuta feela nalane ea ho iphetola ha lintho le likamano har'a lintho tse phelang empa hape re ka rala maano a ho sireletsa le ho boloka leruo la tlhaho.
