Ho Utloisisa Likarabelo tsa Lik'hemik'hale le Mehlala
Likarabelo tsa lik'hemik'hale ke e 'ngoe ea likhopolo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa k'hemistring hobane li hlalosa kamoo ntho e 'ngoe e ka fetohang e 'ngoe kateng. Ntle le likarabelo tsa lik'hemik'hale, mekhoa e mengata eo re kopanang le eona letsatsi le letsatsi—joalo ka ho pheha, ho chesa mafura, tšepe e rusang, esita le metabolism—e ne e ke ke ea etsahala. Sengoloa sena se tšohla tlhaloso ea likarabelo tsa lik'hemik'hale, litšobotsi tsa tsona, mefuta, mabaka a susumetsang, le mehlala ea likarabelo tsa lik'hemik'hale bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi.
Ho Utloisisa Likarabelo tsa Lik'hemik'hale
Ka kakaretso, karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale ke ts'ebetso ea ho fetola ntho e le 'ngoe kapa tse ngata (tse bitsoang li-reactant) hore e be lintho tse ncha (tse bitsoang lihlahisoa) tse nang le thepa e fapaneng ea lik'hemik'hale le ea 'mele. Phetoho ena e etsahala ka lebaka la ho hlophisoa bocha ha liathomo: litlamo tsa lik'hemik'hale ka har'a li-reactant lia robeha, 'me litlamo tse ncha li thehoa lihlahisoa.
Likarabelo tsa lik'hemik'hale li fapane le liphetoho tsa 'mele. Liphetohong tsa 'mele, lintho li fetola sebopeho kapa sebopeho feela, empa mofuta oa ntho o lula o tšoana. Mohlala, leqhoa le qhibiliha metsing; ntho e ntse e le H₂O. Empa liketsong tsa lik'hemik'hale, lintho tse ncha lia thehoa—mohlala, ho chesoa ha patsi ho fetoha molora le khase.
Hangata dikarabelo tsa dikhemikhale di ngolwa ka mokgwa wa di-reaction equation, mohlala:
2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
Tekanyo ena e bonts'a hore limolek'hule tse peli tsa haedrojene li arabela le molek'hule e le 'ngoe ea oksijene ho hlahisa limolek'hule tse peli tsa metsi.
Litšobotsi tsa Likarabelo tsa Lik'hemik'hale
Ho na le matšoao a 'maloa kapa matšoao a bontšang hore karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale e etsahala. Hase liketso tsohle tse bontšang matšoao 'ohle, empa hangata e 'ngoe ea tsona ea bonahala:
1. Phetoho ea 'mala
Mohlala, tšepe e ba sootho bo bofubelu ha e rusa.
2. Khase e a thehoa
Sena se khetholloa ka ponahalo ea lipululana. Mohlala, karabelo ea asene le baking soda e hlahisa carbon dioxide (CO₂).
3. Sebopeho sa ho potlaka
Precipitate ke ntho e tiileng e bopjwang ka tharollo. Mohlala, karabelo ya tharollo ya nitrate ya silevera le sodium chloride e hlahisa precipitate ya chloride ya silevera.
4. Liphetoho tsa mocheso (exothermic kapa endothermic)
Likarabelo tsa exothermic li lokolla mocheso (mohlala, ho tuka), ha likarabelo tsa endothermic li monya mocheso (mohlala, likarabelo tse itseng lihatellong tsa serame tse potlakileng).
5. Leseli kapa molumo oa hlaha
Mohlala, li-firework li hlahisa leseli le molumo ka lebaka la karabelo e potlakileng ea ho tuka.
Mefuta ea Likarabelo tsa Lik'hemik'hale
Ho nolofatsa ho utloisisa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng, lik'hemik'hale li ka aroloa ka mefuta e mengata e akaretsang:
1. Karabelo ea ho Kopanya (Motsoako)
Lintho tse peli kapa ho feta lia kopana ho etsa sehlahisoa se le seng.
- Mohlala:
2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO
Magnesium e arabela le oksijene ho hlahisa magnesium oxide.
2. Karabelo ea ho Bola
Motsoako o le mong o aroloa ho ba dintho tse pedi kapa ho feta tse bonolo.
- Mohlala:
2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O₂
Hydrogen peroxide e a bola ho hlahisa metsi le oksijene.
3. Karabelo e le 'Ngoe ea ho Nkela Sebaka (Phetolo)
Karolo e 'ngoe e nkela karolo e 'ngoe sebaka ka har'a motsoako.
- Mohlala:
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂
Zinc e nkela haeterojene sebaka ka har'a asiti ea hydrochloric, e hlahisang khase ea haeterojene.
4. Karabelo ea Phapanyetsano e 'Meli
Metswako e 'meli e fapanyetsana li-ion ho etsa metsoako e 'meli e mecha.
- Mohlala:
AgNO₃ + NaCl → AgCl↓ + NaNO₃
Mefuta ea AgCl ea precipitate.
5. Karabelo ea ho Chesoa ha Mollo
Karabelo e potlakileng ka oksijene e hlahisang mocheso mme hangata e hlahisa lesedi.
- Mohlala:
CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O + matla
Methane e cha ho hlahisa carbon dioxide, metsi le matla.
6. Likarabelo tsa Motheo oa Asiti (Ho Hloekisa)
Li-acid li arabela le metheo ho hlahisa letsoai le metsi.
- Mohlala:
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
7. Likarabelo tsa Redox (Ho Fokotsa le ho Oxidation)
Karabelo e kenyeletsang phetiso ea lielektrone. Ntho e 'ngoe e feta ka oxidation (e lahleheloa ke lielektrone), ha ntho e 'ngoe e feta ka phokotso (e fumana lielektrone).
– Mehlala: ho rusa ha tšepe, ho tuka, le diphetoho dibetring.
Mabaka a Amang Sekhahla sa Karabelo
Hase dikarabelo tsohle tse etsahalang ka lebelo le le leng. Dikarabelo tse ding di etsahala kapele haholo, jwalo ka ho phatloha, mme tse ding di etsahala butle, jwalo ka ho rusa. Mabaka a mang a susumetsang sekgahla sa karabelo a kenyeletsa:
1. Ho bokellana ha di-reactant: ha ho ba le ho phahama ha mahloriso, ho thulana ha dikarolwana kgafetsa hoo karabelo e ka bang kapele.
2. Mocheso: mocheso o phahameng o eketsa matla a likaroloana, o potlakisa liketso.
3. Sebaka sa bokaholimo: li-reactant tse nang le phofo hangata li arabela kapele ho feta li-klips hobane li na le sebaka se seholo sa ho kopana.
4. Sehokelo: ntho e potlakisang karabelo ntle le ho e sebedisa. Mohlala, dienzyme mmeleng.
5. Kgatelelo (bakeng sa dikarabelo tsa kgase): kgatelelo e phahameng e eketsa kgafetsa ya ho thulana ha dimolek'hule tsa kgase.
Mehlala ea Likarabelo tsa Lik'hemik'hale Bophelong ba Letsatsi le Letsatsi
Mehlala e meng e amanang haholo le mesebetsi ea batho ke ena:
1. Ho chesa LPG ka setofong
Ha ho phehoa, LPG (motswako wa propane le butane) e arabela le oksijene ho hlahisa mocheso.
– Lihlahisoa tse ka sehloohong: CO₂ le H₂O.
– Tšusumetso: e hlahisa matla a mocheso ho pheha lijo.
2. Mokhoa oa ho Pheha Mahe
Protheine e maheng e feta diphetohong tsa sebopeho ka lebaka la mocheso (denaturation). Ts'ebetso ena hangata e nkuwa e le motswako wa diphetoho tsa mmele le tsa dikhemikhale, empa e baka diphetoho tse sa feleng sebopehong sa protheine, e leng se etsang hore sehlahiswa sa ho qetela se fapane mme ho be thata ho se kgutlela boemong ba sona ba pele.
3. Theipi e Belisitsoeng kapa Borotho
Tomoso e fetola tsoekere hore e be joala le CO₂.
– Ka bohobe, CO₂ e etsa hore hlama e phahame.
– Teiping, ho thehoa tatso e monate le monko o ikhethang.
4. Mafome a Tšepe
Tšepe e arabela le oksijene le metsi ho etsa mafome (tšepe e nang le metsi (III) oxide).
– Litšobotsi: liphetoho tsa 'mala le lera le pshatlehang habonolo.
– Thibelo: ho penta, ho galakanya, kapa ho sebedisa tshepe e sa ruseng.
5. Karabelo ea Asene le Soda e Bakang
Asene (acetic acid) e arabela le sodium bicarbonate ho hlahisa CO₂.
– Matšoao: lipululana tse ngata tsa khase.
– Ditshebediso: diteko tse bonolo, ho hlwekisa diphaephe tsa metsi, le dipontsho tsa karabelo ya motheo wa asiti.
6. Tlhahisoleseding ea Photosynthesis Limeleng
Limela li fetola CO₂ le H₂O hore e be glucose le O₂ ka thuso ea khanya ea letsatsi le chlorophyll.
– Tekanyo e bonolo:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
– Ena ke karabelo ea bohlokoa e hlahisang oksijene Lefatšeng.
7. Ho hema (Ho hema) ho Batho
Se fapaneng le photosynthesis: 'mele o qhala tsoekere ka oksijene ho hlahisa matla.
– Tekanyo e bonolo:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + matla
Qetello
Karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale ke mokhoa oo li-reactant li fetohang lihlahisoa tse ncha ka ho roba le ho theha litlamo tsa lik'hemik'hale. Likarabelo tsena li ka bonoa ka matšoao a kang liphetoho tsa 'mala, ho thehoa ha khase kapa precipitate, liphetoho tsa mocheso, le ho ntšoa ha leseli. Ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ea lik'hemik'hale—ho tloha ho tsoa ho qapetsoeng, ho bola, ho tuka, ho se nke lehlakore, ho ea ho li-reaction tsa redox—'me kaofela li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi le liindastering tse fapaneng. Ka ho utloisisa tlhaloso le mehlala ea li-reaction tsa lik'hemik'hale, re ka ba le temoho e eketsehileng ea saense e re potileng le ho e sebelisa ka nepo le ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng.
Haeba o rata, nka eketsa litšoantšo tse felletseng tsa li-equation tsa karabelo, lipotso tse khutšoane tsa boikoetliso, kapa mofuta oa sengoloa se etselitsoeng baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng/se phahameng.
