Ho Utloisisa Electrolysis le Mehlala
Ho Utloisisa Electrolysis
Electrolysis ke ts'ebetso ea lik'hemik'hale e sebelisang motlakase o tobileng (DC) ho khanna karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale e sa reroang. Lentsoe "electrolysis" le tsoa mantsoeng a Segerike "electro," a bolelang motlakase, le "lysis," a bolelang karohano. Ka mantsoe a mang, electrolysis ke ts'ebetso ea ho arola motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale ka likarolo tsa oona ho sebelisoa motlakase.
Likarabelo tsa lik'hemik'hale tse hlahang ka har'a electrolysis ha li etsahale ka tlhaho 'me li hloka matla a motlakase hore li etsahale. Electrolysis e sebelisoa khafetsa liindastering tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le metallurgy, tlhahiso ea lik'hemik'hale le ho hloekisa tšepe.
Molao-motheo oa ho Sebetsa oa Electrolysis
Electrolysis e hloka likarolo tse tharo tsa bohlokoa: electrolyte, cathode, le anode.
1. Li-electrolyte ke lintho tse nang le li-ion tse lokolohileng 'me li ka tsamaisa motlakase. Li-electrolyte e ka ba metsi kapa litharollo tse nang le li-ion tsena.
2. Cathode ke electrode (motlakase oa motlakase) moo ho bang le phokotso, e leng ho amoheloa ha lielektrone ke li-ion kapa limolek'hule.
3. Anode ke electrode moo ho etsahalang oxidation, e leng ho lokolloa ha dielektrone ke di-ion kapa dimolek'hule.
Ha motlakase o phalla ka har'a electrolyte, li-ion tse ka har'a electrolyte li fallela ho electrode ka tjhaja e fapaneng. Li-ion tse ntle (cations) li fallela ho cathode, ha li-ion tse mpe (anions) li fallela ho anode. Sena se etsa hore karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale e etsahale ho li-electrode ka bobeli.
Likarabelo tsa Redox ho Electrolysis
Ts'ebetso ea electrolysis e kenyelletsa karabelo ea redox (reduction-oxidation). Ho cathode, ho etsahala karabelo ea phokotso, moo li-ion li monyang lielektrone ho etsa ntho e ncha. Ho anode, ho etsahala karabelo ea oxidation, moo li-ion li lokollang lielektrone ho etsa ntho e ncha.
Mohlala oa Equation ea Karabelo ea Electrolysis
Mohlala o bonolo ke electrolysis ea metsi (H₂O). Mehato ea karabelo e hlahang ke ena:
1. Ho kenya metsi ka har'a ioni:
\[2H₂O(l) \ motsu 2H⁺(aq) + 2OH⁻(aq)\]
2. Karabelo ho Cathode:
\[2H⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ \motsu o ka ho le letona H₂(g)\]
3. Karabelo ho Anode:
\[4OH⁻(aq) \motsu O₂(g) + 2H₂O(l) + 4e⁻\]
Ka kakaretso, karabelo ena ea electrolysis ea metsi e hlahisa khase ea haeterojene (H₂) ho cathode le khase ea oksijene (O₂) ho anode.
Mehlala ea Tšebeliso ea Electrolysis
1. Ho Hloekisa Tšepe
Electrolysis e sebediswa ho hlwekisa ditshipi, tse kang koporo. Mokgweng ona, karolo ya koporo e sa hlwekang e sebetsa jwalo ka anode, mme karolo ya koporo e hlwekileng e sebetsa jwalo ka cathode. Electrolyte e sebediswang ke tharollo ya sulfate ya koporo (CuSO₄).
Tshebetso e tjena:
– Ho anode, koporo e sa hloekang e oxidized ho ba li-ion tsa koporo (II) tse qhibilihang ka har'a electrolyte:
\[Li-) \motsu o ka ho le letona Cu²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻\]
– Li-ion tsena tsa koporo ebe li ea ho cathode, moo li fokotsoang ebe li khomarela ho cathode:
\[Cu²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ \Li-Cu(s)\]
Sephetho sa ho qetela ke koporo e hloekileng e kentsweng hodima cathode mme koporo e sa hlwekang e fokotseha butle-butle hodima anode.
2. Tlhahiso ea Khase ea Chlorine le Sodium Hydroxide
Mokhoa oa chlor-alkali ke mokhoa o sebelisoang ho hlahisa khase ea chlorine (Cl₂) le sodium hydroxide (NaOH) ka electrolysis ea tharollo ea sodium chloride (NaCl).
Ts'ebetso ena e kenyelletsa liketso tse latelang:
– Ka har'a cathode, li-ion tsa sodium (Na⁺) le metsi lia fokotseha ho hlahisa khase ea haedrojene (H₂) le li-ion tsa hydroxide (OH⁻):
\[2H₂O(l) + 2e⁻ \motsu o ka ho le letona H₂(g) + 2OH⁻(aq)\]
– Ho anode, li-ion tsa chloride (Cl⁻) li feta oxidation ho hlahisa khase ea chlorine (Cl₂):
\[2Cl⁻(aq) \motsu Cl₂(g) + 2e⁻\]
Sephetho sa ho qetela ke khase ea haeterojene ho cathode le khase ea chlorine ho anode, hammoho le tharollo ea sodium hydroxide e entsoeng ka har'a electrolyte.
3. Ho betla ka motlakase
Ho penta ka motlakase ke mokhoa oa ho penta tšepe e 'ngoe holim'a e 'ngoe ka ho sebelisa electrolysis. Mehlala e tloaelehileng e kenyelletsa ho penta mabenyane kapa lintho tsa lapeng ka silevera kapa khauta.
Ts'ebetso ea electroplating e etsoa ka tsela e latelang:
– Ntho e tla manehwa (mohlala, lesale) e sebediswa e le cathode.
– Tšepe e poleiting (mohlala, silevera kapa khauta) e sebelisoa e le anode.
– Electrolyte ke tharollo e nang le ion ea tšepe e koahelang (mohlala, tharollo ea nitrate ea silevera AgNO₃).
Nakong ea electrolysis, li-ion tsa tšepe tse tsoang ho anode lia qhibiliha ka har'a electrolyte ebe li fetela ho cathode, moo li fokotsoang ebe li khomarela ntho e lokelang ho koaheloa.
4. Tlhahiso ea Aluminium
Electrolysis e boetse e sebelisoa tlhahisong ea aluminium ho tsoa marung a bauxite ts'ebetsong e tsejoang e le ts'ebetso ea Hall-Héroult.
– Bauxite e nang le aluminium oxide e ngata (Al₂O₃) e fetoloa pele hore e be alumina e hloekileng (Al₂O₃).
– Alumina e ntan'o qhibilihisoa ka har'a cryolite e qhibilihisitsoeng (Na₃AlF₆) ebe e kenngoa ka electrolyse ka har'a sele e khethehileng.
– Ka har'a cathode, li-ion tsa aluminium lia fokotseha:
\[Al³⁺ + 3e⁻ \motsu o nepahetseng Al\]
– Ho anode, oksijene e tswang ho aluminium oxide e a oxidized mme e bopa kgase ya oksijene:
\[2O²⁻ \motsu o nepahetseng O₂ + 4e⁻\]
Qetello
Electrolysis ke theknoloji e nang le ts'ebeliso ea bohlokoa indastering le bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Ho tloha ho hloekiseng tšepe le tlhahisong ea lik'hemik'hale tsa bohlokoa joalo ka chlorine le sodium hydroxide, ho ea ho mekhoa ea electroplating bakeng sa ho khabisa le ho sireletsa lintho tsa tšepe, melemo ea electrolysis e kholo ebile e fapane.
Ho utloisisa melao-motheo ea motheo ea electrolysis ke mohato oa bohlokoa ho hlahlobeng mekhoa le lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tse ka kenngoang tšebetsong makaleng a fapaneng a theknoloji le a indasteri. Ka tsoelo-pele e tsoelang pele ea theknoloji, ts'ebetso ea electrolysis e lebelletsoe ho tsoela pele ho fetoha le ho fana ka melemo e mengata ho batho.
