Tšebeliso ea Liphaephe tsa Teko Laboratoring
Li-tube tsa liteko ke e 'ngoe ea likotoana tse tloaelehileng tsa khalase tse fumanoang lilaboratoring, ebang ke likolong, liunivesithing, lilaboratoring tsa lipatlisiso, kapa indastering. Sebopeho sa tsona se bonolo: silindara e telele e nang le motheo o chitja le bokaholimo bo bulehileng. Le hoja li bonahala li sa bohlokoa, li-tube tsa liteko li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa mesebetsing e fapaneng ea laboratori le ea tlhahlobo, e nolofalletsang bafuputsi ho etsa liketso tse nyane tsa lik'hemik'hale ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng, ka tsela e laoloang le e sebetsang hantle. Sengoloa sena se tšohla tšebeliso ea li-tube tsa liteko laboratoring, ho kenyeletsoa mesebetsi ea tsona ea mantlha, mokhoa oa ho li sebelisa, melemo ea tsona le mehato ea ho itšireletsa ho netefatsa tšebeliso ea tsona e sireletsehileng le liphetho tse nepahetseng tsa liteko.
Ho Tseba Li-Test Tubes le Litšobotsi tsa Tsona
Ka kakaretso, lipeipi tsa teko li entsoe ka khalase ea borosilicate (joalo ka Pyrex kapa e tšoanang le eona), e hanelang mocheso 'me e hanelang liphetoho tsa mocheso ka tsela e batlang e tšoana. Hape ho na le lipeipi tsa teko tse entsoeng ka polasetiki (joalo ka polypropylene), tse sebelisoang haholo bakeng sa merero ea baeloji le ho boloka lisampole tse itseng. Boholo ba lipeipi tsa teko boa fapana, ho tloha ho tse nyane bakeng sa boholo ba limililithara tse 'maloa ho isa ho tse kholoanyane bakeng sa liteko tse hlokang bongata bo boholo ba tharollo.
Tšobotsi e ikhethang ea tube ea teko ke karolo e ka tlase e chitja. Sebopeho sena se thusa tharollo ho futhumatsa ka ho lekana le ho nolofatsa ho kopanya. Leha ho le joalo, hobane e ke ke ea ikemela, hangata li-tube tsa teko li sebelisoa le rake ea tube ea teko kapa sehokelo sa tube ea teko ha li futhumatsoa kapa li tsamaisoa.
Tšebeliso e ka Sehloohong ea Liphaephe tsa Teko Laboratoring
1. Setshelo sa ho Etsa Dikarabelo tse Nyenyane tsa Dikhemikhale
Tšebeliso e tloaelehileng haholo ea lipeipi tsa liteko ke likepe tsa lik'hemik'hale tse nyane. Liteko tse ngata tsa boleng lilaboratoring tsa k'hemistri li etsoa lipeiping tsa liteko hobane li kholo ho lekana ho tšoara lisampole le li-reagent, empa ha li kholo haholo hore li ka boloka lik'hemik'hale. Mohlala, liketso tsa pula, liphetoho tsa 'mala, ho thehoa ha khase, kapa liketso tsa ho se nke lehlakore li ka bonoa ka ho hlaka lipeiping tsa liteko.
Moelelong oa lilaboratori tsa thuto, lipeipi tsa liteko li loketse hobane li lumella baithuti ho bona liketsahalo tsa karabelo habonolo—ho tloha liphetohong tsa 'mala ho ea ho thehoeng ha seretse botlaaseng ba peipi.
2. Ho Kopanya le ho Kopanya Tharollo
Li-tube tsa teko li sebelisetsoa ho kopanya litharollo ka potlako. Basebelisi ba ka sisinya tube ea teko ka bonolo kapa ba sebelisa motsoako oa vortex (haholo-holo lilaboratoring tsa baeloji/microbiology) ho etsa hore sampole e be e tšoanang. Ho kopanya ka har'a li-tube tsa teko ho tumme ka lebaka la bonolo ba eona le kotsi e fokotsehileng ea ho tšoloha ha ho bapisoa le ho kopanya ka har'a lijana tse kholo.
Ho phaella moo, diphaephe tsa teko le tsona di na le thuso bakeng sa ditshebetso tse bonolo tsa ho qhibilihisa, mohlala, ho qhibilihisa dikristale tsa letsoai ka metsing, kapa ho kopanya di-reagent tse mmalwa butle-butle pele di fetisetswa sejaneng se seholo sa karabelo.
3. Ho futhumatsa Sampole kapa Tharollo
Kaha lipeipi tse ngata tsa teko li entsoe ka khalase e sa cheseng, hangata li sebelisetsoa ho futhumatsa litharollo ka ho toba. Ho futhumatsa hangata ho etsoa ka ho sebelisa secheso sa Bunsen, secheso sa moea, kapa bate ea metsi. Ho futhumatsa ka har'a tube ea teko ho molemo bakeng sa ho potlakisa liketso, ho thusa ho qhibiliha ha lintho, kapa ho etsa liteko tse itseng tsa ho futhumatsa.
Leha ho le jwalo, ho futhumatsa tube ya teko ho hloka mokhoa o nepahetseng: tube e lokela ho tshwarwa ka matlao, e lebiswe hole le sefahleho le batho ba bang, mme e sisinngwe butle hore e futhumale ka ho lekana. Diphoso tsa ho futhumatsa di ka etsa hore tharollo e "phatlohe" mme e phatlohe.
4. Teko ea Boleng le Tlhahlobo ea Metswako
Mekhoa e mengata ea tlhahlobo ea boleng ea khale e sebelisa lipeipi tsa liteko, joalo ka liteko tsa ion (cation/anion), liteko tsa pH, liteko tsa protheine (Biuret), liteko tsa lik'habohaedreite (Benedict's, Molisch's), le liteko tsa lipid. Litekong tsena, peipi ea teko e sebelisoa ho kopanya sampole le reagent e itseng, ebe e hlahloba liphetoho tsa 'mala, ho thehoa ha precipitate, kapa phetoho ea khase.
Lilaboratoring tsa mantlha tsa bongaka, lipeipi tsa liteko li ka boela tsa sebelisoa bakeng sa mekhoa e bonolo joalo ka liteko tse nyane tsa ho kopanya lisele, leha mekhoa e mengata hona joale e sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa sejoale-joale tse khethehileng.
5. Pokello le Polokelo ea Sampole ea Nakoana
Hangata lipeipi tsa teko li sebelisoa ho tšoara lisampole ka nakoana pele ho tlhahlobo e 'ngoe. Mohlala, kamora ho sefa, sefa se ka bokelloa ka har'a tube ea teko pele ho litekanyo tsa pH kapa ho eketsoa li-reagent tse ling. Lilaboratoring tsa baeloji ea limolek'hule, lipeipi tsa teko (hangata li-micro) li sebelisoa ho boloka bongata bo bonyenyane ba lisampole tsa DNA/RNA, li-enzyme, kapa li-buffer.
Bakeng sa polokelo, lipeipi tsa teko li ka koaloa ka parafilm, li-stopper tsa rabara, kapa li-screw caps (lipeiping tse itseng). Mokhoa oa ho koala le maemo a polokelo li itšetlehile ka mofuta oa sampole, joalo ka tlhoko ea mocheso o pholileng, tšireletso leseling, kapa maemo a sa hloekang.
6. Ho Centrifugation (Bakeng sa Liphaephe tse Itseng)
Lilaboratoring tsa baeloji le tsa bongaka, lipeipi tse itseng tsa liteko li etselitsoe ho lumellana le li-centrifuge. Ts'ebetso ea ho centrifuge e arola likarolo ho latela bongata, mohlala, ho arola lisele ho tsoa ho lintho tse matla, ho arola sediment ho tsoa ho metsi, kapa ho bokella likaroloana tse itseng.
Leha ho le jwalo, ha se diphaephe tsohle tsa teko tse bolokehileng bakeng sa ho centrifugation. Diphaephe tse sebediswang di lokela ho fihlela dipehelo tse loketseng (thepa, botenya, le moedi wa lebelo) mme di lokela ho leka-lekana hantle ka hara rotor ya centrifuge ho thibela tshenyo le dikotsi tsa disebediswa.
7. Mecha ea phatlalatso bakeng sa ho shebella likarabelo le liphetoho tsa 'mele
Lipeipi tsa teko li nolofatsa ho shebella ka mahlo hobane mabota a tsona a bonaletsa. Bafuputsi ba ka bona liphetoho tsa 'mele tse kang ho fifala, ho thehoa ha precipitate, liphetoho tsa viscosity, karohano ea mekhahlelo, kapa ho thehoa ha lipululana tsa khase. Litemoso tsena lia hlokahala liprothokholong tse ngata tsa liteko, haholo-holo mehatong ea pele ea lipatlisiso kapa ho ithuta ka khopolo-taba.
Ka tlhahlobo e bonolo, sekala se senyenyane sa karabelo se thusa ho fokotsa litšila le ho nolofatsa ho sebetsana le tsona haeba ho hlaha liphoso tsa tsamaiso.
Melemo ea Li-Tube tsa Teko ha li bapisoa le Lijana tse ling
Lipeipi tsa teko li na le melemo e mengata e etsang hore e be sesebelisoa sa laboratori se ratoang haholo:
1. Boloka li-reagent hobane li sebetsa ka bongata bo bonyenyane.
2. Ho bonolo ho e sebelisa le ho e tsamaisa ka lishelefo le li-clamp.
3. E loketse ho futhumatsoa (haholo-holo khalase ea borosilicate).
4. Ho bonolo ho e bona ka lebaka la sebopeho sa yona se selelele le se bonaletsang.
5. E sebetsa ka mefuta e mengata ea liteko: k'hemistri, baeloji, ho isa ho tsa bongaka.
Leha ho le jwalo, diphaephe tsa teko ha se disebediswa tse nepahetseng tsa ho lekanya bophahamo ba modumo. Haeba teko e hloka bophahamo ba modumo bo nepahetseng, pipette ya bophahamo ba modumo, burette, kapa flaske ya bophahamo ba modumo e loketse haholoanyane.
Lintho Tseo U Lokelang ho li Nahana Ha U Sebelisa Li-Test Tube
Ho netefatsa tšebeliso e sireletsehileng ea lipeipi tsa liteko le liphetho tsa liteko tse sa nke lehlakore, ho na le lintho tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa:
– Sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa tšireletso tsa botho tse kang likhalase tsa tšireletso, liatlana le liaparo tsa laboratori.
– O se ke wa supa molomo wa phaephe sefahlehong sa hao ha o futhumatsa kapa ha karabelo e na le bokgoni ba ho hlahisa kgase.
– Qoba ho kwala phaephe ka thata ha o ntse o futhumatsa, kaha kgatello e ka eketseha mme ya baka ho phatloha ho honyenyane.
– Hlahloba mapetso ka har'a lipeipi pele u li sebelisa, haholo-holo bakeng sa ho futhumatsa le ho centrifugation.
– Tšoaea lipeipi haeba li na le lisampole tse fapaneng ho thibela ho kopana.
– Lahla litšila ho latela mokhoa o laetsoeng; u se ke ua li tšela ka sinkeng ntle le tumello.
Ho koala
Li-tube tsa liteko ke lisebelisoa tsa laboratori tse bonolo empa e le tsa bohlokoa. Tšebeliso ea tsona e kenyelletsa lijana tse nyane tsa lik'hemik'hale, litharollo tsa ho kopanya le ho etsa hore li be le homogenizing, lisampole tsa ho futhumatsa, liteko tsa boleng, polokelo ea nakoana, le ho centrifugation bakeng sa li-tube tse itseng. Ka mekhoa e nepahetseng ea tšebeliso le tlhokomelo ho polokeho, li-tube tsa liteko li thusa liteko ho sebetsa hantle haholoanyane, ho boloka thepa, 'me ho bonolo ho li bona. Ha ho makatse hore li-tube tsa liteko li lula e le sesebelisoa sa "tlamo" masimong a fapaneng a laboratori, ho tloha thutong ho ea lipatlisisong tse tsoetseng pele.
Haeba o lakatsa, nka boela ka etsa mofuta o shebaneng haholoanyane le sengoloa bakeng sa: (1) lilaboratori tsa sekolo, (2) lilaboratori tsa k'hemistri ea tlhahlobo, kapa (3) lilaboratori tsa baeloji/microbiology, tse felletseng ka mehlala ea liteko tse sebelisang li-tube tsa liteko.
