Pengatar
Metswako ya tlhaho e fapane haholo mme e na le mefuta e mengata ya tshebediso masimong a fapaneng. Dihlopha tse pedi tsa bohlokwa tsa metswako ya tlhaho ke aldehydes le ketones. Ka bobedi ke di-derivatives tsa carbonyl, ho bolelang hore di na le sehlopha sa carbonyl functional (C=O). Sehlopha sena se arabela haholo mme se bapala karolo ya bohlokwa dikarabelong tse fapaneng tsa dikhemikhale. Sengoloa sena se tla bua ka tshebediso ya aldehydes le ketones makaleng a fapaneng, ho tloha indastering ho isa ditshebedisong tsa bongaka.
Aldehyde
Li-aldehyde li na le athomo ea khabone e hokahaneng le sehlopha sa hydroxyl (H) le sehlopha sa carbonyl (C=O). Ketane e akaretsang ke R-CHO, moo R e ka bang sehlopha sa alkyl kapa aryl. E 'ngoe ea li-aldehyde tse tsebahalang haholo ke formaldehyde (HCHO), e nang le mefuta e fapaneng ea lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa.
1. Indasteri ea Lik'hemik'hale le ea Plastiki
Formaldehyde ke thepa e tala ea mantlha tlhahisong ea li-resin tsa formaldehyde (tse kang urea-formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde, le melamine-formaldehyde). Li-resin tsena li sebelisoa tlhahisong ea lihlahisoa tsa polasetiki, likhomaretsi, liphahlo le thepa ea kaho e kang plywood le particleboard.
2. Paballo
Bongaka, formaldehyde e sebelisoa e le sesebelisoa sa ho boloka le ho lokisa lintho tse kotsi. Mosebetsi oa eona ke ho thibela ho bola ha lisele tsa baeloji, e leng se etsang hore e be molemo haholo bakeng sa ho boloka mehlala ea baeloji le litopo.
3. Libolaya-mafu le Libolaya-mafu
Formaldehyde e boetse e na le thepa e matla ea ho bolaea likokoana-hloko, e leng se etsang hore e sebetse hantle e le sebolaya-likokoana-hloko. Litharollo tsa formalin (formaldehyde e qhibilihisitsoeng ka metsing) hangata li sebelisoa ho bolaea likokoana-hloko lisebelisoa tsa bongaka le libaka tsa laboratori.
4. Indasteri ea Litlolo
Aldehyde e 'ngoe e sebelisoang khafetsa ke benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO). Motsoako ona o sebelisoa indastering ea litlolo e le monko o monate le tatso. Monko oa eona o monate, o tšoanang le oa lialmonde, o etsa hore e ratoe tlhahisong ea litlolo le litlolo tse fapaneng.
5. Litšebeliso ho Litlolo le Litlolo
Li-aldehyde tse kang vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) li sebelisoa tlhahisong ea litatso le menko e monate. Vanillin ke karolo e ka sehloohong ea vanilla extract, e sebelisoang lijong le linong tse fapaneng. Phenylethanal, e nang le monko oa lipalesa, e boetse e sebelisoa indastering ea menko e monate.
Keton
Ketone ke motsoako oa lintho tse phelang o nang le sehlopha sa carbonyl (C=O) se kopantsoeng le lihlopha tse peli tsa alkyl kapa aryl. Sebopeho se akaretsang ke R-CO-R'. E 'ngoe ea li-ketone tse tsebahalang haholo ke acetone (CH3COCH3).
1. Litharollo Indastering
Acetone ke tharollo ea bohlokoa haholo ea indasteri. Litšobotsi tsa eona tse feto-fetohang le tse nang le polar e nyane li etsa hore e sebetse hantle ho qhaleng mefuta e mengata ea metsoako ea lintho tse phelang. Acetone e sebelisoa khafetsa tlhahisong ea polasetiki, likhoele tsa maiketsetso le lik'hemik'hale tse ling.
2. Lihlahisoa tsa Bophelo bo Botle le Botle
Indastering ea litlolo, acetone e sebelisoa e le sesebelisoa sa ho tlosa pente ea manala ka lebaka la bokhoni ba eona ba ho qhibilihisa shellac (polymer e etsang filimi). E boetse e sebelisoa tlhahisong ea lihlahisoa tsa ho hloekisa le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa tlhokomelo ea letlalo.
3. Ho kopanya metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale
Acetone e boetse e sebelisoa e le thepa ea ho qala tlhahisong ea metsoako e meng ea lik'hemik'hale. Mohlala, e ka fetoloa hore e be isopropyl alcohol ka karabelo ea hydrogenation. Li-ketone tse ling, tse kang methylisobutylketone (MIBK), le tsona li sebelisoa e le li-solvents le thepa e tala tlhahisong ea metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale.
4. Likopo Indastering ea Lijo
Li-ketone tse ling li boetse li sebelisoa e le lintho tse eketsang lijo indastering ea lijo. Mohlala, diethyl ketone (DEK) e sebelisoa e le tharollo tlhahisong ea linoko tsa lijo le lintho tse bakang 'mala.
5. Litšebeliso tsa Meriana
Hangata li-ketone li ameha tlhahisong ea lithethefatsi. Li-ketone tse kang acetophenone li sebelisoa e le lisebelisoa tsa ho qala tlhahisong ea metsoako e fapaneng ea meriana, ho kenyeletsoa le li-anti-inflammatory le li-analgesic agents.
Likarabelo tsa Bohlokoa
Li-aldehyde le li-ketone ka bobeli li nka karolo liketsong tse fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale tse bohlokoa ho qaptjoang ha lintho tse phelang. Mohlala, liketso tsa aldol condensation, tse kenyeletsang aldehyde kapa ketone reactant le motsoako o mong oa carbonyl, li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho thehoa ha litlamo tse ncha tsa carbon-carbon. Metsoako e hlahang (β-hydroxy aldehydes kapa ketones) e na le ts'ebeliso ea bohlokoa ho qaptjoeng ha limolek'hule tse rarahaneng tsa lintho tse phelang.
Qetello
Li-aldehyde le li-ketone ke metsoako ea lintho tse phelang e arabelang haholo le e feto-fetohang. Ho tloha indastering ea lik'hemik'hale le ea polasetiki ho ea ho litlolo, meriana, esita le indastering ea lijo le ea meriana, mefuta ena e 'meli ea metsoako e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa. Boteng ba lihlopha tsa carbonyl tse arabelang meahong ea tsona ea limolek'hule bo etsa hore e be thepa ea bohlokoa e tala lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa tlhahiso le tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa. Tšebeliso ea tsona e pharaletseng makaleng a fapaneng a indasteri e bontša ho se nkeloe sebaka ha lihlopha tsena tse peli tsa metsoako nts'etsopele ea tsoelo-pele ea sejoale-joale.
