Metswako ea Hydrocarbon ke Eng?
Li-hydrocarbon ke e 'ngoe ea lihlopha tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale bophelong ba kajeno. Re sebelisana le lihlahisoa tse tsoang li-hydrocarbon hoo e ka bang letsatsi le leng le le leng, ho tloha mafura a likoloi le khase ea ho pheha ho ea ho mafura a enjene esita le thepa e tala bakeng sa polasetiki. Ka lebaka la karolo ea tsona ea bohlokoa, ho utloisisa li-hydrocarbon, sebopeho sa tsona, mefuta le ts'ebeliso ho tla re thusa ho bona kamano pakeng tsa k'hemistri le litlhoko tsa rona tsa letsatsi le letsatsi.
Tlhaloso ea Metsoako ea Hydrocarbon
Ha re bua ka bokhutšoanyane, hydrocarbon ke motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale o entsoeng ka likarolo tse peli feela: haeterojene (H) le khabone (C). Leha ho na le mefuta e 'meli feela ea liathomo, li-hydrocarbon li tla ka mefuta le mefuta e fapaneng. Lebaka ke hobane liathomo tsa khabone li ka theha liketane tse telele, makala, masale, le litlamo tse le 'ngoe, tse peli, kapa tse tharo. Bokhoni bona ba khabone bo tsejoa e le tetravalent (e nang le lielektrone tse 'ne tsa valence tse ka etsang litlamo tse 'ne tsa covalent), tse lumellang ho thehoa ha meaho e rarahaneng.
Ka tlhaho, di-hydrocarbon di fumaneha ka bongata peteroleng, khase ya tlhaho, mashaleng le dihlahisweng tsa diphedi tsa boholo-holo tse ileng tsa bola ka dilemo tse dimilione. Ho feta moo, di-hydrocarbon di ka boela tsa hlahiswa ka tsela ya maiketsetso ka diketso tsa dikhemikhale dilaboratoring le indastering.
Ke Hobane'ng ha Carbon le Hydrogen li ka Etsa Metsoako e Mengata?
Ho ikhetha ha li-hydrocarbon ho bakoa ke tlhaho e tenyetsehang ea liathomo tsa carbon.
1. Ho theha maqhama le dikhabone tse ding (C–C), ho hlahisa diketane tse otlolohileng kapa tse nang le makala.
2. Ho theha maqhama a le mong, a mabeli le a mararo, a hlahisang phapang ea ho sebetsa le botsitso.
3. Ho theha dibopeho tse potolohang (mehele), mehele e bonolo le mehele e nang le semelo se nkhang hamonate.
4. Ho theha li-isomer, e leng metsoako e nang le foromo e tšoanang ea limolek'hule empa e na le litlhophiso tse fapaneng tsa athomo. Li-isomer li ka fetola haholo litšobotsi tsa 'mele le tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa motsoako.
Ka lebaka la mabaka ana, di-hydrocarbon ke motheo wa k'hemistri ya tlhaho mme di bapala karolo e kgolo e le thepa e tala bakeng sa metswako e fapaneng e tswang ho yona e kang di-alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids le di-polymers.
Tlhophiso ea Metsoako ea Hydrocarbon
Ka kakaretso, di-hydrocarbon di arotsoe ka dihlopha tse pedi tse kgolo: di-hydrocarbon tsa aliphatic le di-hydrocarbon tse nkhang hamonate. Se seng le se seng se na le dihlopha tse nyane tsa bohlokwa.
1. Li-hydrocarbon tse nang le li-aliphatic
Li-hydrocarbon tse nang le monko o monate ke li-hydrocarbon tse se nang masale a monko o monate. Sehlopha sena e ka ba sa ketane e bulehileng (e otlolohileng kapa e nang le makala) kapa e se nang monko o monate. Li-hydrocarbon tse nang le monko o monate li arotsoe ka mefuta e meraro e meholo:
a. Li-alkane (Li-hydrocarbon tse Kotliloeng)
Li-alkane ke li-hydrocarbon tse nang le litlamo tse le 'ngoe feela pakeng tsa liathomo tsa khabone (C-C). Kaha ha li na litlamo tse habeli, li-alkane li bitsoa tse tletseng, ho bolelang hore li na le palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea liathomo tsa haedrojene tse hokahaneng le liathomo tsa khabone.
– Foromo e akaretsang ea li-alkanes: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
– Mehlala: methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈), butane (C₄H₁₀)
Li-alkanes ha li na karabelo e ngata ho feta li-alkenes le li-alkynes. Leha ho le joalo, li bohlokoa haholo e le mafura, joalo ka methane khaseng ea tlhaho le octane peteroleng.
b. Li-Alkenes (Li-Hydrocarbon tse sa Tlatsoang)
Li-alkene li na le bonyane tlamo e le 'ngoe e habeli (C=C). Ka lebaka la tlamo e habeli, li-alkene li bitsoa tse sa tlalang.
– Foromo e akaretsang ea li-alkenes (bakeng sa tlamo e le 'ngoe e habeli): CₙH₂ₙ
– Mehlala: ethene/ethylene (C₂H₄), propene (C₃H₆)
Li-alkenes li arabela haholoanyane ho feta li-alkanes 'me li sebelisoa haholo e le thepa e tala ea indasteri, mohlala, ethylene ho etsa polyethylene (polasetiki) le lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale.
c. Li-Alkyne (Li-Hydrocarbon tse sa Tlatsoang)
Li-alkyne li na le bonyane khokahano e le 'ngoe ea triple (C≡C). Hape ke li-hydrocarbon tse sa tlatsoang 'me ka kakaretso li arabela haholoanyane ho feta li-alkene.
– Foromo e akaretsang ea alkyne (bakeng sa tlamo e le 'ngoe ea triple): CₙH₂ₙ₋₂
– Mohlala: ethyne/acetylene (C₂H₂)
Acetylene e atisa ho sebelisoa indastering ea ho tjheseletsa hobane e hlahisa lelakabe le chesang haholo ha le chesoa ka oksijene.
2. Li-hydrocarbon tse nkhang hamonate
Li-hydrocarbon tse nkhang hamonate ke metsoako e nang le masale a monko o monate, haholo-holo masale a benzene. Sebopeho sa tsona sa lesale se ikhethang se na le sistimi ea lielektrone e sa fetoheng sebakeng se itseng, e leng se etsang hore li tsitse.
– Mehlala: benzene (C₆H₆), toluene (C₇H₈), xylene (C₈H₁₀)
Metswako e nkhang hamonate e sebediswa haholo e le ditharollo le thepa e tala ya diindasteri. Leha ho le jwalo, metswako e meng e nkhang hamonate le yona e na le chefo mme e baka kankere, kahoo tshebediso ya yona e hloka tlhokomelo.
Matlotlo a 'Mele a Li-hydrocarbon
Ka kakaretso, li-hydrocarbon li na le litšobotsi tse 'maloa tsa' mele:
1. Ha e na polar, kahoo ho thata ho qhibiliha ka metsing empa e qhibiliha ka har'a li-solvents tse seng polar tse kang benzene kapa ether.
2. E ka tuka, hobane karabelo ea ho tuka ha li-hydrocarbon e hlahisa matla a mangata.
3. Boemo ba ho belisa boa eketseha ha palo ea liathomo tsa khabone e ntse e eketseha, hobane matla a limolek'hule (mabotho a London) a matla ho feta limolek'huleng tse kholo.
4. Sebopeho se itshetlehile ka bolelele ba ketane ya khabone: di-hydrocarbon tse kgutshwane tsa ketane hangata ke dikhase (mohlala, methane), diketane tse mahareng ke diedi (peterole), mme diketane tse telele e ka ba tse tiileng (parafini, asphalt).
Likarabelo tsa Bohlokoa tsa Lik'hemik'hale ho Hydrocarbons
Li-hydrocarbon li ka feta liketsong tse fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale, ho kenyeletsoa:
– Ho tuka (oxidation): ho hlahisa CO₂ le H₂O (ho tuka ho phethahetseng) kapa CO le mosili (ho tuka ho sa fellang). Mohlala: mafura a koloi.
– Phetolo: e tlwaelehile ho di-alkanes, mohlala, dikarabelo tse nang le di-halogen (chlorination).
– Ho eketsa: ho tloaelehile ho li-alkenes le li-alkynes, mohlala, ho eketsa haeterojene (hydrogenation) ho fetola tlamo e habeli hore e be tlamo e le 'ngoe.
– Polymerization: limolek'hule tse nyane tse kang ethylene lia kopana ho etsa li-polymer tse kholo tse kang polyethylene.
– Ho petsoha: ho senyeha ha limolek'hule tse kholo tsa hydrocarbon hore e be limolek'hule tse nyane, tsa bohlokoa indastering ea oli.
Mehloli ea Hydrocarbon le Ts'ebetso ea Eona
Mehloli e meholo ea li-hydrocarbon lefatšeng ke peterole le khase ea tlhaho. Petroleum ke motsoako o rarahaneng oa li-hydrocarbon tse fapaneng. Ho li arola le ho li sebelisa, ho qhibilihisa ka likarolo ho etsoa libakeng tsa ho hloekisa oli. Lihlahisoa tsa ho qhibilihisa li kenyelletsa:
– LPG
– naphtha
- khase
– parafini
– letsatsi/diesel
- oli ea ho tlotsa
– parafini
- sekontiri
Karoloana ka 'ngoe e na le mefuta e fapaneng ea ntlha ea ho belisa le ts'ebeliso. Ntle le ho qhibilihisa, lits'ebetso tse ling tse kang ho lokisa, ho isomesa le ho petsoha lia sebelisoa ho ntlafatsa boleng ba mafura.
Melemo ea Li-hydrocarbon Bophelong
Li-hydrocarbon li na le karolo ea bohlokoa, ho kenyeletsoa:
1. Mehloli ea matla: peterole, diesel, khase ea tlhaho, LPG.
2. Lisebelisoa tse tala bakeng sa indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale: polasetiki, likhoele tsa maiketsetso, sesepa sa ho hlatsoa, li-solvent, lipente le meriana.
3. Lihlahisoa tsa lapeng: boka ba parafini, jeli ea petroleum, litlolo tse tlotsang.
4. Meralo ea motheo: sekontiri bakeng sa litsela.
Leha ho le jwalo, tshebediso ya di-hydrocarbon le yona e baka diphephetso tsa tikoloho tse kang ho ntsha ha CO₂, tshilafatso ya moya, le kotsi ya ho tsholoha ha oli. Ka hona, lefatshe jwale le qala ho ntshetsa pele matla a ntjhafatswang le mahlale a sireletsang tikoloho haholoanyane.
Qetello
Li-hydrocarbon ke metsoako e entsoeng ka khabone le haedrojene, e nang le mefuta e mengata ea meaho. Li-hydrocarbon e ka ba li-alkanes, li-alkenes, li-alkynes, kapa li-aromatics, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e na le thepa le mesebetsi e ikhethang. Li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho faneng ka matla le thepa e tala ea indasteri, empa li boetse li hloka tsamaiso e hlokolosi ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea tsona tikolohong. Ka ho utloisisa likhopolo tsa motheo tsa li-hydrocarbon, re ka utloisisa hamolemo hore na ke hobane'ng ha mafura, polasetiki le lihlahisoa tse ling tse ngata tsa sejoale-joale li itšetlehile haholo ka sehlopha sena sa metsoako.
Haeba o batla, nka boela ka etsa mofuta wa sengoloa sena bakeng sa mesebetsi ya sekolo (e bonolo) kapa mofuta wa saense o felletseng ka dipotso le dipuisano tsa mehlala.
