Lichelete tsa Boislamo le Lisebelisoa tse Amanang le Tsona: Matsete a Thehiloeng Melao-motheong ea Boislamo
Pendahuluan
Ditjhelete tsa Boislamo di fetohile taba e chesang haholo dilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena. Sistimi ena e fana ka mokgwa o fapaneng wa tsamaiso ya ditjhelete ha e bapiswa le ditsamaiso tse tlwaelehileng, haholoholo hobane e kgomarela melaomotheo ya sharia ya Boislamo. Ditjhelete tsa Boislamo ha di kgahle Mamosleme feela empa hape di hohela tlhokomelo ya lefatshe ka bophara ka lebaka la botsitso le toka ya tsona. Sengoloa sena se tla teba ka botebo ditjhelete tsa Boislamo le disebediswa tse fapaneng tsa ditjhelete tse amanang le yona.
Melao-motheo ea Motheo ea Lichelete tsa Boislamo
Lichelete tsa Boislamo li thehiloe melao-motheong e thehiloeng ho Sharia, molao oa Boislamo o nkiloeng ho Quran le Hadith. Melao-motheo ea motheo ea lichelete tsa Boislamo e kenyelletsa:
1. Thibelo ea Chelete e Lefisoang (Tsoalo): Chelete e Lefisoang kapa tsoala ke chelete e fumanoeng ntle le boiteko kapa kotsi. Litabeng tsa lichelete tsa Boislamo, khoebo efe kapa efe e amanang le phaello e thibetsoe.
2. Thibelo ea Gharar (Ho se Tiisehe): Litšebelisano tse nang le likarolo tsa ho se tiisehe kapa likhakanyo lia thibeloa. Likonteraka tsohle li lokela ho ba tse hlakileng le tse se nang mashano kapa lintho tse sa utloahaleng tse ka lematsang lehlakore lefe kapa lefe.
3. Thibelo ea Maisir (Papali ea Chelete): Mesebetsi e nang le likhakanyo le e tšoanang le papali ea chelete le eona e thibetsoe licheleteng tsa Maislamo.
4. Litšebelisano tsa Halal: Matsete le litšebelisano tsohle li tlameha ho ba ka har'a moeli o lumelloang ke Sharia, 'me ha lia lokela ho amana le mesebetsi ea haram joalo ka papali ea chelete, joala, kapa lihlahisoa tsa nama ea kolobe.
5. Toka le Tekano: Molao-motheo oa toka litšebelisanong o lokela ho lateloa. Ha ho lehlakore le ka 'nang la soetsoa kapa la tšoaroa hampe khoebong efe kapa efe.
6. Tšebelisano-'moho: Melao-motheo ea Sharia e khothalletsa mefuta ea tšebelisano-'moho e thehiloeng ho arolelaneng likotsi ka toka le tšebelisano-'moho lefapheng la khoebo kapa la matsete.
Lisebelisoa tsa Lichelete tsa Boislamo
Lisebelisoa tse 'maloa tsa lichelete tse lumellanang le mekhoa ea lichelete ea Boislamo li se li ntlafalitsoe. Tse ling tsa tsona ke tsena:
1. Murabahah
Murabahah ke mokhoa oa ho reka le ho rekisa oo ka oona banka kapa setheo sa lichelete se rekang thepa molemong oa moreki ebe se li rekisetsa moreki hape ka phaello e lumellanoeng. Phaello ena ea phaello e buseletsa banka bakeng sa boiteko ba eona ba ho reka le ho fana ka thepa. Thekiso ena e pepeneneng hobane moreki o tseba theko ea theko ea thepa le phaello e lefisoang ke banka.
2. Mudharabah
Mudharabah ke kopanelo pakeng tsa mekga e mmedi moo mokga o mong (mong'a motse-moholo) a fanang ka 100% ya motse-moholo, ha mokga o mong (mudharib kapa molaodi) a fanang ka boiphihlelo le tsamaiso. Meputso e tswang kgwebong e arolelanwa ho ya ka tumellano e dumellanweng esale pele, ha tahlehelo e jarwa ke mong'a motse-moholo feela.
3. Musharakah
Musharakah ke mofuta oa tšebelisano-'moho ea khoebo pakeng tsa mekga e 'meli kapa ho feta, moo mekga eohle e fanang ka phaello le tahlehelo ea chelete le karolo ho latela chelete eo ba e tsetelang. Khopolo ena e khothalletsa ho nka karolo ka mafolofolo le boikarabello bo arolelanoang tsamaisong ea khoebo.
4. Ijarah
Ijarah ke mofuta oa konteraka ea khiriso moo mokga o mong (mohiri) a fumanang tokelo ea ho sebelisa thepa e ruiloeng ke mokga o mong (mohiri) 'me a tlameha ho lefa rente holim'a thepa eo. Ho na le mefuta e 'meli e meholo ea ijarah: ijarah muntahia bittamleek, eo ho eona thepa e hiriloeng e ka rekoang ke mohiri hamorao, le ijarah ntle le khetho ea ho ba mong'a thepa qetellong ea nako ea khiriso.
5. Sukuk
Hangata Sukuk e bitsoa dibonto tsa Boislamo, empa ha se disebediswa tsa mekitlane. Sukuk ke disetifikeiti tsa ho kenya letsoho kapa ho ba mong'a thepa e ka tlase, tse fang mong'a sukuk karolo letlotlong leo. Lekeno le hlahiswang ho tswa letlotlong le abelwa beng ba sukuk e le puseletso ya matsete a bona.
6. Wakalah
Wakalah e bolela moemeli kapa moemeli. Moelelong oa lichelete tsa Boislamo, e ka bolela motho kapa mokhatlo o khethang moemeli ho etsa mesebetsi e itseng molemong oa bona, joalo ka ho etsa lipatlisiso kapa ho laola lichelete. Moemeli o sebetsa ka mokhoa o tšepahalang 'me o tlamehile ho phethahatsa lithahasello tsa mookameli, ho latela tumellano ea pele.
Litšebeliso le Liphephetso tsa Lichelete tsa Boislamo
Chelete ea Boislamo ha e sebelisoe feela linaheng tse nang le Mamosleme a mangata empa e boetse e keneletse lefatšeng la Bophirimela, moo lihlahisoa tsa lichelete tsa Boislamo li qalang ho amoheloa ke libanka tse kholo le mekhatlo ea lichelete eo e seng ea Mamosleme. Boleng bohle ba thepa ea lichelete ea Boislamo bo hakanngoa ho fihla litrillione tsa lidolara, e leng se bontšang boholo le bohlokoa ba lekala lena moruong oa lefats'e.
Kopo
– Banka ea Boislamo: Libanka tsa Boislamo li sebetsa ho latela melao-motheo e boletsoeng ka holimo 'me li fana ka lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tsa lichelete tse kang polokelo, lichelete, likarete tsa debit tsa Boislamo, le tse ling tse lumellanang le molao oa Boislamo.
– Inshorense kapa Takaful: Inshorense ea Sharia (takaful) e sebetsa ho latela melao-motheo ea tšebelisano-'moho le boikarabello bo arolelanoang. Menehelo ea barupeluoa e sebelisetsoa ho thusa barupeluoa-'moho le bona ba nang le tahlehelo kapa likoluoa, ho latela mekhoa e lumellanang le sharia.
– Matsete a Sharia: Ho na le dihlahiswa tse fapaneng tsa matsete a Sharia, tse kang ditjhelete tsa Sharia tse kopaneng, di-stock tsa Sharia, le tse sebediswang haholo, sukuk (dibonto tsa Sharia). Dihlahiswa tsena kaofela di latela melao le melawana ya Sharia.
Phephetso
Ho sa tsotellehe kgolo ya yona e potlakileng le kamohelo e mafolofolo, ditjhelete tsa Maislamo le tsona di tobane le diphephetso tse fapaneng:
– Ho beha maemo a tloaelehileng: E 'ngoe ea liphephetso tse kholo ke ho hloka maemo a tšoanang a machaba licheleteng tsa Maislamo. Linaha tse fapaneng li ka 'na tsa ba le litlhaloso tse fapaneng tsa melao-motheo ea Sharia.
– Kamohelo ea Sechaba: Lichelete tsa Boislamo li hloka thuto e batsi le ho fihlella batho ho khothaletsa batho ka bomong le lik'hamphani tse ngata ho utloisisa le ho amohela melao-motheo ea eona. Ho ntse ho e-na le maikutlo a mangata a fosahetseng har'a sechaba ka kakaretso a hore tsamaiso ea Boislamo e rarahane ho feta tsamaiso e tloaelehileng.
– Meralo ea Motheo ea Molao le Taolo: Libakeng tse ling, khaello ea melaoana e tšehetsang le meralo ea motheo e matla ea molao e ntse e le tšitiso e kholo nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea lichelete ea Maislamo.
– Lisebelisoa tsa Batho le Tsebo: Tlhoko ea lisebelisoa tsa batho tse koetlisitsoeng le tse nang le tsebo licheleteng tsa Boislamo e ntse e le phephetso. Mokhoa ona o hloka kutloisiso e tebileng ea melao-motheo ea lichelete ea setso le ea Boislamo.
Qetello
Ditjhelete tsa Boislamo di fana ka mokhoa o mong o motle le o tsitsitseng wa taolo ya ditjhelete. Ka ho latela melaomotheo ya sharia e thibelang riba (lefa), gharar (gharar), le maisir (papali ya tjhelete), le ho kgothaletsa ditransekshene tse lokileng le tse pepeneneng, ditjhelete tsa Boislamo ha di ame Mamosleme feela empa hape di fana ka melemo e meholo ho setjhaba sa lefatshe. Disebediswa tse fapaneng, tse kang murabahah (disebediswa tsa ditjhelete), mudharabah (disebediswa tsa ditjhelete), musharakah (disebediswa tsa ditjhelete), ijarah (disebediswa tsa ditjhelete), sukuk (dibonto tsa thepa), le wakalah (dibonto tsa thepa), di fana ka dikgetho tse fapaneng bakeng sa tsamaiso ya ditjhelete e nang le boitshwaro le e lokileng. Ho sa tsotellehe diphephetso, menyetla ya bokamoso ya ditjhelete tsa Boislamo e bonahala e kganya haeba e tsamaellana le boiteko bo matla ba ho hlola ditshitiso tse teng le ho ruta setjhaba.
