Tlhahlobo ea Pathology ea Laboratori
Pathology ea laboratori ke tšiea ea bohlokoa ea bongaka ba sejoale-joale. Ka ho hlahloba lisampole tse fapaneng tsa baeloji—tse kang mali, moroto, mantle, maro a 'mele le lisele—pathology ea laboratori e thusa lingaka ho fumana hore na lefu le hlaha joang, ho lekola boima ba lefu, ho lekola katleho ea phekolo, esita le ho bolela esale pele hore na mokuli o tla kula neng. Mehleng ena ea tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle e thehiloeng bopaking bo ntseng bo eketseha, karolo ea pathology ea laboratori e ntse e ba ea bohlokoa haholo, e fana ka lintlha tse nepahetseng tse ka lekanngoang, tsa bapisoang le tse sebelisoang.
Tlhaloso le Bongata ba Pathology ea Laboratori
Ka kakaretso, pathology ke lekala la bongaka le ithutang lefu: lisosa tsa lona, mekhoa ea ho hlaha ha lona, liphetoho sebopehong sa 'mele le ts'ebetsong ea lona, le tšusumetso ea tsona maemong a bongaka. Pathology ea laboratori (hangata e bitsoang pathology ea kliniki) e shebane le tlhahlobo ea mehlala ea bakuli ho sebelisoa mekhoa e tsoang k'hemistri ea bongaka, hematology, immunology, microbiology, toxicology, le tlhahlobo ea limolek'hule. Liphetho tsa liteko tsa laboratori li sebetsa e le borokho pakeng tsa matšoao a kliniki a bonahalang le lits'ebetso tsa baeloji tse etsahalang ka har'a 'mele.
Bongata ba pathology ea laboratori bo kenyelletsa:
1. Hematology: tlhahlobo ea likarolo tsa mali, tse kang hemoglobin, palo ea leukocyte, li-platelet, le tlhahlobo ea mathata a lisele tsa mali.
2. K'hemistri ea Kliniki: tlhahlobo ea liparamente tsa biochemical tse kang tsoekere, li-electrolyte, ts'ebetso ea liphio, ts'ebetso ea sebete, mafura le matšoao a pelo.
3. Thuto ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung le ea ho itšireletsa mafung: ho lemoha li-antibodies, li-antigen, le ho hlahloba sesole sa 'mele sa ho itšireletsa mafung, ho kenyeletsoa le mafu a itseng a 'mele a ho itšireletsa mafung le litšoaetso.
4. Clinical Microbiology: ho tsebahatsa libaktheria, livaerase, li-fungus le likokoana-hloko; ho kenyeletsoa le liteko tsa ho pepesehela lithibela-mafu.
5. Tlhahlobo ea Limolek'hule: Liteko tse thehiloeng ho DNA/RNA bakeng sa ho lemoha likokoana-hloko, liphetoho tsa lefutso, kapa matšoao a kankere.
6. Tlhahlobo ea moroto le Tlhahlobo ea Metsi a 'Mele: tlhahlobo ea moroto le maro a mang a kang mokelikeli oa boko, mokelikeli oa pleural, kapa ascites.
Karolo ea Bohlokoa ho Theheng Tlhahlobo
Pathology ea laboratori ha se hangata e emang e le 'ngoe ho theheng tlhahlobo, empa hoo e ka bang kamehla ke tlatsetso ea bohlokoa ho tiiseng pelaelo ea bongaka. Ha ngaka e kopana le matšoao, liteko tsa laboratori li thusa ho fokotsa tlhahlobo e ka bang teng ka lintlha tse itseng.
Mohlala, mokuli ea tletlebang ka bofokoli, ho fifala ha letlalo le ho otla ha pelo ho ka belaelloa hore o na le khaello ea mali. Palo e felletseng ea mali (CBC) e ka lekanya maemo a hemoglobin, hematocrit, li-indices tsa lisele tse khubelu tsa mali (MCV, MCH, MCHC), le sebopeho sa lisele tse khubelu tsa mali. Liphetho tsena ha li tiise feela boteng ba khaello ea mali empa li boetse li thusa ho fumana mofuta oa eona—mohlala, khaello ea tšepe, khaello ea mali ea lefu le sa foleng, kapa khaello ea mali e kholo.
Maemong a feberu, tlhahlobo ea li-leukocyte, protheine ea C-reactive (CRP), procalcitonin, le litso tsa mali li ka thusa ho khetholla hore na sesosa ke tšoaetso ea baktheria, vaerase, kapa mokhoa oa ho ruruha o sa tšoaetsanoeng.
E Thusa ho Lekola Bohloko le Mathata
Ntle le ho fumana hore na lefu lena le bakoa ke eng, pathology ea laboratori le eona e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho lekola boima ba lefu lena le mathata a ka bang teng. Ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere, mohlala, ho itima lijo le liteko tsa tsoekere maling tsa lihora tse peli kamora ho ja li fana ka kakaretso ea boemo ba hona joale, ha HbA1c e lekola taolo ea tsoekere maling likhoeling tse 2-3 tse fetileng. Liteko tse ling, tse kang ts'ebetso ea liphio (creatinine, urea, eGFR) le microalbumin ea moroto, li ka lemoha mathata esale pele, esita le pele matšoao a hlaha.
Mafung a tšoaetsanoang a matla joalo ka sepsis, matšoao a kang lactate, procalcitonin, le litekanyo tsa khase ea mali e ka ba matšoao a ho potlaka, a khethollang lebelo la ho kenella. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lefung la sebete, liteko tsa SGOT/AST, SGPT/ALT, bilirubin, albumin, le INR li ka lekola boholo ba tšenyo ea sebete le ts'ebetso ea maiketsetso.
Tlhahlobo ea Tlhokomelo ea Kalafo le Karabelo ea Kalafo
Pathology ea laboratori e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho lekoleng katleho ea phekolo. Ho bakuli ba fumanang lithibela-mafu, tlhahlobo ea setso le kutloisiso liphetho li thusa ho khetha meriana e nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa le ho thibela tšebeliso ea lithibela-mafu tse sa sebetseng hantle. Kalafong ea mafu a sa foleng a kang khatello e phahameng ea mali le ho hloleha ha pelo, ho lekola li-electrolyte (sodium, potasiamo), ts'ebetso ea liphio le matšoao a itseng ho ka thusa ho thibela likarabelo tse mpe tsa meriana.
Ho bakuli ba fuoang chemotherapy, ho etsoa tlhahlobo e felletseng ea mali khafetsa ho lekola kotsi ea neutropenia (ho fokotseha ha li-neutrophils), e leng se ka eketsang kotsi ea tšoaetso. Litekanyetso tse ling, tse kang ts'ebetso ea sebete le liphio, le tsona lia hlahlojoa hobane meriana e mengata ea chemotherapy e na le chefo ho litho tse itseng.
Tlatsetso ho Tlhahlobo ea Mafu a Tšoaetsanoang
Mafung a tšoaetsanoang, pathology ea laboratori e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa. Ho tsebahatsa likokoana-hloko ho ka etsoa ka mekhoa e fapaneng: ho taka (mohlala, letheba la Gram), setso, serology, le liteko tsa limolek'hule tse kang PCR. Melemo ea ho hlahloba limolek'hule ke lebelo la tsona le kutloisiso e phahameng, haholo-holo bakeng sa likokoana-hloko tse thata ho li holisa. Leha ho le joalo, setso se ntse se le bohlokoa hobane se lumella tlhahlobo ea ho hloleha ha lithibela-mafu le ho fumana mekhoa ea ho hanyetsa.
Mohlala oa ts'ebeliso ena o bonahala ho fumanoeng lefuba: tlhahlobo ea sekhohlela e ka kenyelletsa microscopy ea AFB, tlhahlobo e potlakileng ea limolek'hule, le setso sa lefuba la Mycobacterium. Motsoako oa mekhoa o ntlafatsa ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo le ho potlakisa liqeto tsa kalafo.
Liphephetso tsa ho toloka Liphetho tsa Laboratori
Leha ho le bohlokoa, ho toloka liphetho tsa laboratori ha se kamehla ho leng bonolo. Litekanyetso tse "tloaelehileng" li ka fapana ho latela lilemo, bong, maemo a 'mele (mohlala, boimana), le mekhoa le lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang ke laboratori. Ho feta moo, lintlha tsa pele ho tlhahlobo li ka susumetsa liphetho, joalo ka nako ea ho bokella sampole, mekhoa ea ho boloka, ho itima lijo, tšebeliso ea meriana e itseng, esita le liphoso tsa botekgeniki nakong ea ho ntša mali.
Mabaka a tlhahlobo a kang ho lekanya disebediswa, boleng ba reagent, le mekgwa ya tlhahlobo le ona a bapala karolo. Kamora hore diphetho di fumanehe, mabaka a kamora tlhahlobo a kenyeletsa puisano ya diphetho le tlhaloso ya bongaka. Ka hona, boleng ba laboratori bo lokela ho bolokwa ka taolo ya boleng ba kahare le kantle, hammoho le puisano e ntle pakeng tsa basebetsi ba laboratori le dingaka.
Pathology ea Laboratori Mehleng ea Bongaka bo Nepahetseng
Nts'etsopele ea lefu la laboratori e potlakile ka ho hlaha ha meriana e nepahetseng. Liteko tsa limolek'hule li ka khetholla liphetoho tse itseng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse susumetsang karabelo ea meriana. Ka mohlala, thutong ea oncology, tlhahlobo ea biomarker ea hlahala e thusa ho fumana mekhoa ea phekolo e sebetsang hantle le e etselitsoeng motho ka mong. Sena se lumella tlhahlobo ho feta "lebitso la lefu" ho kenyelletsa litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa baeloji tsa mokuli e mong le e mong.
Ho phaella moo, tshebediso ya big data le bohlale ba maiketsetso e qala ho kenngwa tshebetsong ho kopanya diphetho tsa laboratori le direkoto tsa bongaka tsa bongaka, tsa radiology le tsa elektroniki. Sepheo ke ho ntlafatsa ho bolela esale pele kotsi ya lefu le ho potlakisa ho etsa diqeto tsa bongaka.
Qetello
Pathology ea laboratori ke karolo ea bohlokoa tlhahlobong le tsamaisong ea bakuli. Ka liteko tse fapaneng tse sa tobang le tse ka lekanngoang, lefapha lena le thusa lingaka ho netefatsa liphuputso, ho lekola boima ba lefu, ho lemoha mathata le ho beha leihlo karabelo ea phekolo. Leha ho le joalo, tšebeliso ea lona e hloka tlhaloso e nepahetseng, ho nahanoa ka lintlha tsa bongaka, boleng ba sampole le maemo a laboratori. Ka tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji—haholo-holo tlhahlobo ea limolek'hule le meriana e nepahetseng—pathology ea laboratori e tla fetoha motheo oa bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo potlakileng, bo nepahetseng le bo ikhethileng.
