Sengoloa se buang ka molao oa khase e loketseng (Tekanyo ea boemo ba khase e loketseng)
Melao ea khase, ho kenyeletsoa le molao oa Boyle, molao oa Charles, le molao oa Gay-Lussac , ha e sebetse maemong 'ohle a khase, e leng se etsang hore tlhahlobo ea rona e be thata le ho feta. Ho nolofatsa tlhahlobo, ho thehoa mohlala oa khase e loketseng. Ha ho na likhase tse loketseng bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi; ke mefuta e phethahetseng feela e entsoeng ho nolofatsa tlhahlobo. Khopolo ea khase e loketseng le eona e re thusa haholo ho hlahlobeng kamano pakeng tsa melao e meraro ea khase.
Kamano pakeng tsa mocheso, bophahamo ba modumo le kgatello ya kgase
Ka ho sheba melao e meraro ea khase e kaholimo, re ka fumana kamano e akaretsang haholoanyane pakeng tsa mocheso, bophahamo le khatello ea khase.
Haeba equation 1, equation 2 le equation 3 di kopantswe ho ba e le nngwe, e tla shebahala tjena: PV ∝ T → Karolelano 4
Karolelano ena e bolela hore kgatello (P) le bophahamo ba modumo (V) di lekana le mocheso o feletseng (T).
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bophahamo ba modumo (V) bo lekana ka tsela e fapaneng le kgatello (P).
Karolelano ea 4 e fetotsoe ho ea ho equation:
Lintlha :
P 1 = kgatello ya pele (Pa kapa N/m 2 )
P 2 = kgatello ya ho qetela (Pa kapa N/m 2 )
V 1 = bophahamo ba pele (m 3 )
V 2 = moqolo oa ho qetela (m 3 )
T 1 = mocheso oa pele (K)
T 2 = mocheso oa ho qetela (K)
(Pa = pascal, N = Newton, m2 = mithara e sekwere, m3 = mithara e khubu, K = Kelvin)
Kamano pakeng tsa boima ba khase (m) le bophahamo ba modumo (V)
Ha balune ea moea o chesang e fufuleloa, moea o mongata o monngoa, o atoloha haholo. Ka mantsoe a mang, ha boima ba khase bo le boholo, molumo oa balune o ba moholo. Re ka re boima ba khase (m) bo lekana ka ho toba le bophahamo ba khase (V). Ka lipalo:
Karolelano ea V ∝ m → 5
Haeba equation 4 e kopantsoe le equation 5, joale:
PV ∝ mT → Papiso 6
Palo ea li-moles (n)
Mole e le 1 = boima ba ntho e lekanang le boima ba limolek'hule tsa ntho eo. Boima ba limolek'hule le boima ba tsona lia fapana.
Mohlala oa 1, boima ba limolek'hule tsa khase ea oksijene (O2 ) = 16 u + 16 u = 32 u (molek'hule ka 'ngoe ea oksijene e na le liathomo tse 2 tsa oksijene, moo athomo ka 'ngoe ea oksijene e nang le boima ba 16 u). Kahoo, molek'hule e le 'ngoe ea O2 e na le boima ba ligrama tse 32. Kapa boima ba limolek'hule ba O2 = 32 grams/mol = 32 kg/kmol.
Mohlala oa 2, boima ba limolek'hule tsa khase ea carbon monoxide (CO) = 12 u + 16 u = 28 u (molek'hule ka 'ngoe ea carbon monoxide e na le athomo e le 'ngoe ea carbon (C) le athomo e le 'ngoe ea oksijene (O). Boima ba athomo e le 'ngoe ea carbon = 12 u le boima ba athomo e le 'ngoe ea oksijene = 16 u. 12 u + 16 u = 28 u). Kahoo, mole e le 'ngoe ea CO e na le boima ba ligrama tse 28. Kapa boima ba limolek'hule tsa CO = 28 grams/mol = 28 kg/kmol.
Mohlala wa 3, boima ba limolek'hule tsa khase ea carbon dioxide (CO2 ) = [12 u + (2 x 16 u)] = [12 u + 32 u] = 44 u (molek'hule ka 'ngoe ea carbon dioxide e na le athomo e le 'ngoe ea carbon (C) le liathomo tse 2 tsa oksijene (O). Boima ba athomo e le 'ngoe ea carbon = 12 u le boima ba athomo e le 'ngoe ea oksijene = 16 u). Kahoo, molek'hule e le 'ngoe ea CO2 e na le boima ba ligrama tse 44. Kapa boima ba limolek'hule tsa CO2 = ligrama tse 44/mol = 44 kg/kmol.
Palo ea li-mole (n) tsa ntho = karolelano ea boima ba ntho ho ea ka boima ba eona ba limolek'hule. E ngotsoe ka mokhoa ona ka lipalo:
Mohlala oa 1: Bala palo ea li-moles ka ligrama tse 64 tsa O2
Boima ba O2 = digrama tse 64
Mohlala oa 2: Bala palo ea li-moles ka ligrama tse 280 tsa CO2
Boima ba CO = 280 dikgerama
Mohlala oa 3: Bala palo ea li-moles ka ligrama tse 176 tsa CO22
Boima ba CO2 = digrama tse 176
Khase e sa fetoheng ea bokahohle (R)
Ho latela dipatlisiso tse entsweng ke bo-rasaense, ho ile ha fumanwa hore ha palo ya di-moles (n) e sebediswa ho hlalosa boholo ba ntho, tekanyo e sa fetoheng bakeng sa kgase ka nngwe e na le boleng bo tshwanang. Tekanyo e sa fetoheng eo ho buuwang ka yona ke tekanyo e sa fetoheng ya kgase ya bokahohleng (R).
R = 8,315 J/mol.K
= 8315 kJ/kmol.K
= 0,0821 (L.atm) / (mol.K)
= 1,99 cal / mol. K
(J = Joule, K = Kelvin, L = lithara, atm = sepakapaka, cal = khalori)
MOLAO O LOKILENG OA KHASE (ka li-moles)
Papiso e ka hodimo e ka fetolelwa ho equation ka ho kenya palo ya di-mole (n) le kgase e sa fetoheng ya bokahohleng (R).
PV = nRT
Tekanyo ena e bitsoa molao o loketseng oa khase kapa equation e loketseng ea khase ea boemo.
Lintlha :
P = kgatello ya kgase (N/ m2 )
V = bophahamo ba khase ( m3 )
n = palo ea li-moles (mol)
R = khase e sa fetoheng ka kakaretso (R = 8,315 J/mol.K)
T = mocheso o feletseng oa khase (K)
Ha o rarolla mathata, o tla kopana le lentsoe STP. STP e emetse Temperature le Kgatelelo e Tloaelehileng.
Mocheso o tloaelehileng (T) = 0 o C = 273 K
Khatello e tloaelehileng (P) = 1 atm = 1,013 x 10 5 N/m 2 = 1,013 x 10 2 kPa = 101 kPa
Ha ho rarolloa mathata a molao oa khase, mocheso o lokela ho hlahisoa sekaleng sa Kelvin (K).
Haeba kgatello ya kgase e ntse e le kgatello e lekanyang, e fetole kgatello e feletseng pele.
Kgatelelo e feletseng = kgatello ya sepakapaka + kgatello ya tekanyo (kgatello ya sepakapaka = kgatello ya moya o kantle)
Haeba se tsejoang e le khatello ea sepakapaka (ha ho na khatello ea gauge), rarolla bothata ka kotloloho.
Mohlala oa potso ea 1:
Khatellong ea sepakapaka (101 kPa), mocheso oa khase ea carbon dioxide = 20 o C 'me bophahamo ba eona = lilithara tse 2. Haeba khatello e fetoloa ho 201 kPa 'me mocheso o eketsehile ho fihlela ho 40 o C, bala bophahamo ba ho qetela ba khase ea carbon dioxide.
Puisano
Hoa tsebahala hore:
P 1 = 101 kPa
P 2 = 201 kPa
T 1 = 20 o C + 273 K = 293 K
T 2 = 40 o C + 273 K = 313 K
V 1 = lilithara tse 2
E botsitsoe: V 2
Karabo:
Mohlala oa potso ea 2:
Fumana bophahamo ba limolek'hule tse 2 tsa khase ho STP (nahana hore khase ena ke khase e loketseng)
Puisano
Bophahamo ba limolek'hule tse 2 tsa khase ho STP (mocheso o tloaelehileng le khatello) ke lilithara tse 44,8.
Mohlala oa potso ea 3:
Bophahamo ba khase ea oksijene ho STP = 20 m 3. Boima ba khase ea oksijene ke bokae?
Puisano
Boima ba molek'hule ba oksijene = 32 grams/mol (boima ba molek'hule e le 'ngoe ea oksijene = 32 grams). Kahoo, boima ba khase ea oksijene ke:
boima (m) = palo ea limolek'hule (n) x boima ba limolek'hule
boima = (di-moles tse 893) x (digrama tse 32/mol) = digrama tse 28576 = 28,576 kg
Mohlala oa potso ea 4:
Tanka e na le lilithara tse 4 tsa khase ea oksijene (O2 ) . Mocheso oa khase ea oksijene ke 20 o C 'me khatello e lekantsoeng ke 20 x 10 5 N/m2 . Fumana boima ba khase ea oksijene (boima ba limolek'hule tsa oksijene = 32 kg/kmol = 32 grams/mol)
Puisano
MOLAO O LOKILENG OA KHASE (Ka palo ea limolek'hule)
Haeba re hlalosa boholo ba ntho eseng ka boima (m), empa ka palo ea li-mole (n), joale khase e sa fetoheng (R) e sebetsa ho likhase tsohle. Sena se ile sa fumanoa ka lekhetlo la pele ke Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856), rasaense oa Motaliana.
Avogadro o itse ha bophahamo, kgatello le mocheso wa khase ka nngwe di tshwana, kgase ka nngwe e na le palo e tshwanang ya dimolek'hule.
Polelo e ngotsoeng ka mongolo o motenya o tenya e bitsoa khopolo-taba ea Avogadro. Khopolo-taba ea Avogadro, kapa khakanyo, e lumellana le taba ea hore R e sa fetoheng e tšoana bakeng sa likhase tsohle. Bopaki bo bong ke bona:
Taba ea pele , haeba re rarolla bothata re sebelisa equation e ntle ea molao oa khase (PV = nRT), re tla fumana hore ha palo ea li-moles (n) e tšoana, khatello le mocheso le tsona li tšoana, joale bophahamo ba likhase tsohle bo tla tšoana, haeba re sebelisa khase e sa fetoheng ea bokahohleng (R = 8,315 J/mol.K). Ho STP, khase e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e nang le palo e tšoanang ea li-moles (n) e tla ba le bophahamo bo tšoanang. Bophahamo ba mole e le 'ngoe ea khase ho STP = lilithara tse 22,4. Bophahamo ba li-moles tse 2 tsa khase = lilithara tse 44,8. Bophahamo ba li-moles tse 3 tsa khase = lilithara tse 67,2. Joalo-joalo… sena se sebetsa ho likhase tsohle.
Sa bobedi , palo ya dimolekhule tse ka hara mole e le nngwe e tshwana bakeng sa dikgase tsohle. Palo ya dimolekhule tse ka hara mole e le nngwe = palo ya dimolekhule ka mole = nomoro ya Avogadro (NA ) . Kahoo palo ya Avogadro e tshwana bakeng sa dikgase tsohle.
Boholo ba palo ea Avogadro bo fumanoa ka ho lekanya:
NA = 6,02 x 10 23 limolek'hule/mol
Ho fumana palo yohle ya dimolek'hule (N), re ka atisa palo ya dimolek'hule ka mole (NA) ka palo ya dimolek'hule (n).
Ena ke equation e loketseng ea molao oa khase mabapi le palo ea limolek'hule.
Lintlha :
P = Khatello
V = Molumo
N = Palo yohle ya dimolek'hule
k = Boltzmann Constant (k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K)
T = Mocheso
Volume
Litara e le 1 (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL) = 1000 cubic centimeters (cm 3 )
Litara e le 1 (L) = 1 cubic decimeter (dm 3 ) = 1 x 10-3 m 3
Khatello
1 N/m 2 = 1 Pa
1 atm = 1,013 x 10 5 N/m 2 = 1,013 x 10 5 Pa = 101,3 x 10 2 kPa = 101.3 kPa (hangata ho sebediswa 101 kPa)
Pa = pascal
atm = sepakapaka
Matla a ka hare a khase e loketseng
Matla a ka hare a khase e ntle ea monatomic
Matla a ka hare a khase e ntle ea monatomic ke kakaretso ea matla a kinetic a phetolelo a limolek'hule tsa khase e ntle ea monatomic. Kakaretso ea matla a kinetic a phetolelo a limolek'hule tsa khase e ntle = sehlahisoa sa matla a kinetic a phetolelo a molek'hule ka 'ngoe ka palo ea limolek'hule (N). Ka lipalo:
Lintlha :
U = Matla a ka hare a khase e ntle ea monatomic (J)
N = Palo ea limolek'hule
k = Boltzmann Constant (k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K)
T = Mocheso o feletseng (K)
n = Palo ea li-moles (mol)
R = Khase e sa fetoheng ka ho feletseng (R = 8,315 J/mol.K = 8315 kJ/kmol.K)
Matla ka khase e loketseng ea diatomic
Matla a ka hare a khase e loketseng diatomic ke kakaretso ea matla a kinetic a phetolelo, matla a kinetic a potolohang, le matla a kinetic a vibration a limolek'hule tsa khase e loketseng diatomic. Ho ea ka molao-motheo oa ho aroloa ha matla, matla a ka hare a khase e loketseng diatomic ke:
U = 5/2 n RT
Matla ka har'a khase e loketseng ea polyatomic
Matla a ka hare a khase e loketseng ea polyatomic ke kakaretso ea matla a kinetic a phetolelo, matla a kinetic a potolohang, le matla a kinetic a vibration a limolek'hule tsa khase e loketseng ea polyatomic. Ho ea ka molao-motheo oa ho aroloa ha matla, matla a ka hare a khase e loketseng ea polyatomic ke:
U = 7/2 n RT
Matla a khase ea 'nete
Matla a ka hara khase ea 'nete le 'ona a itšetlehile ka mocheso. Ha khatello ea khase ea 'nete e le holimo ka ho lekaneng (bophahamo ba khase ea 'nete bo bonyenyane), khase ea 'nete e qala ho bontša boitšoaro bo khelohileng. Ka hona, ho ka thoe matla a ka har'a khase ea 'nete le 'ona a itšetlehile ka khatello le bophahamo.
