Molao o loketseng oa khase (Tekanyo ea boemo ba khase e loketseng)

Sengoloa se buang ka molao oa khase e loketseng (Tekanyo ea boemo ba khase e loketseng)

Melao ea khase e kenyelletsa: Molao oa Boyle, molao oa Charles le molao oa Gay-Lussac Haeba molao o loketseng oa khase o sa sebetse maemong 'ohle a khase, tlhahlobo ea rona e tla ba thata le ho feta. Ho nolofatsa tlhahlobo, ho ile ha thehoa mohlala oa khase e loketseng. Likhase tse loketseng ha li eo bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi; ke mefuta e phethahetseng feela e entsoeng ho nolofatsa tlhahlobo. Khopolo ea khase e loketseng e boetse e re thusa haholo ho hlahlobeng kamano pakeng tsa melao e meraro ea khase.

Kamano pakeng tsa mocheso, bophahamo ba modumo le kgatello ya kgase

Ka ho sheba melao e meraro ea khase e kaholimo, re ka fumana kamano e akaretsang haholoanyane pakeng tsa mocheso, bophahamo le khatello ea khase.

Haeba equation 1, equation 2 le equation 3 di kopantswe ho ba e le nngwe, e tla shebahala tjena: PV ∝ T → Papiso 4

Karolelano ena e bolela hore kgatello (P) le bophahamo ba modumo (V) di lekana le mocheso o feletseng (T).

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bophahamo ba modumo (V) bo lekana ka tsela e fapaneng le kgatello (P).

Karolelano ea 4 e fetotsoe ho ea ho equation:

Lintlha :

P₁ = kgatello ya pele (Pa kapa N/m²)

P₂ = kgatello ya ho qetela (Pa kapa N/m²)

V₁ = bophahamo ba pele (m³)

V₂ = bophahamo ba ho qetela (m³)

T₁ = mocheso oa pele (K)

T₂ = mocheso oa ho qetela (K)

(Pa = pascal, N = Newton, m² = limithara tse sekwere, m³ = dimithara tsa dikhubu, K = Kelvin)

Kamano pakeng tsa boima ba khase (m) le bophahamo ba modumo (V)

Ha balune ea moea o chesang e fufuleloa, moea o mongata o monngoa, o atoloha haholo. Ka mantsoe a mang, ha boima ba khase bo le boholo, molumo oa balune o ba moholo. Re ka re boima ba khase (m) bo lekana ka ho toba le bophahamo ba khase (V). Ka lipalo:

Karolelano ea V ∝ m → 5

Haeba equation 4 e kopantsoe le equation 5, joale:

PV ∝ mT → Papiso 6

Palo ea li-moles (n)

Mole e le 1 = boima ba ntho e lekanang le boima ba limolek'hule tsa ntho eo. Boima ba limolek'hule le boima ba tsona lia fapana.

Mohlala oa 1, boima ba limolek'hule tsa khase ea oksijene (O2)₂) = 16 u + 16 u = 32 u (molek'hule e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea oksijene e na le liathomo tse 2 tsa oksijene, moo athomo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea oksijene e nang le boima ba 16 u). Kahoo, 1 mol O₂ e na le boima ba digrama tse 32. Kapa boima ba limolek'hule ba O₂ = digrama tse 32/mol = 32 kg/kmol.

Mohlala oa 2, boima ba limolek'hule tsa khase ea carbon monoxide (CO) = 12 u + 16 u = 28 u (molek'hule ka 'ngoe ea carbon monoxide e na le athomo e le 'ngoe ea carbon (C) le athomo e le 'ngoe ea oksijene (O). Boima ba athomo e le 'ngoe ea carbon = 12 u le boima ba athomo e le 'ngoe ea oksijene = 16 u. 12 u + 16 u = 28 u). Kahoo, mole e le 'ngoe ea CO e na le boima ba ligrama tse 28. Kapa boima ba limolek'hule tsa CO = 28 grams/mol = 28 kg/kmol.

Mohlala oa 3, boima ba limolek'hule tsa khase ea carbon dioxide (CO2)₂) = [12 u + (2 x 16 u)] = [12 u + 32 u] = 44 u (molek'hule e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea carbon dioxide e na le athomo e le 'ngoe ea carbon (C) le liathomo tse 2 tsa oksijene (O). Boima ba athomo e le 'ngoe ea carbon = 12 u le boima ba athomo e le 'ngoe ea oksijene = 16 u). Kahoo, 1 mol CO₂ e na le boima ba digrama tse 44. Kapa boima ba dimolek'hule tsa CO₂ = digrama tse 44/mol = 44 kg/kmol.

Palo ea li-mole (n) tsa ntho = karolelano ea boima ba ntho ho ea ka boima ba eona ba limolek'hule. E ngotsoe ka mokhoa ona ka lipalo:

Mohlala oa 1: Bala palo ea li-moles ka ligrama tse 64 tsa O₂

Boima ba O₂ = 64 lik'hilograma

Mohlala oa 2: Bala palo ea li-moles ka ligrama tse 280 tsa CO2

Boima ba CO = 280 dikgerama

Mohlala oa 3: Bala palo ea li-moles ka ligrama tse 176 tsa CO2₂

Boima ba CO₂ = 176 lik'hilograma

Khase e sa fetoheng ea bokahohle (R)

Ho latela dipatlisiso tse entsweng ke bo-rasaense, ho ile ha fumanwa hore ha palo ya di-moles (n) e sebediswa ho hlalosa boholo ba ntho, tekanyo e sa fetoheng bakeng sa kgase ka nngwe e na le boleng bo tshwanang. Tekanyo e sa fetoheng eo ho buuwang ka yona ke tekanyo e sa fetoheng ya kgase ya bokahohleng (R).

R = 8,315 J/mol.K

= 8315 kJ/kmol.K

= 0,0821 (L.atm) / (mol.K)

= 1,99 cal / mol. K

(J = Joule, K = Kelvin, L = lithara, atm = sepakapaka, cal = khalori)

MOLAO O LOKILENG OA KHASE (ka li-moles)

Papiso e ka hodimo e ka fetolelwa ho equation ka ho kenya palo ya di-mole (n) le kgase e sa fetoheng ya bokahohleng (R).

PV = nRT

Tekanyo ena e bitsoa molao o loketseng oa khase kapa equation e loketseng ea khase ea boemo.

Lintlha :

P = khatello ea khase (N/m²)

V = bophahamo ba khase (m³)

n = palo ea li-moles (mol)

R = khase e sa fetoheng ka kakaretso (R = 8,315 J/mol.K)

T = mocheso o feletseng oa khase (K)

Ha o rarolla mathata, o tla kopana le lentsoe STP. STP ke khutsufatso ea Mocheso o Tloaelehileng le Khatello kapa Mocheso o Tloaelehileng le Khatello.

Mocheso o tloaelehileng (T) = 0 ^oC = 273 K

Khatello e tloaelehileng (P) = 1 atm = 1,013 x 10⁵ N / limithara² = 1,013x10² kPa = 101 kPa

Ha ho rarolloa mathata a molao oa khase, mocheso o lokela ho hlahisoa sekaleng sa Kelvin (K).

Haeba kgatello ya kgase e ntse e le kgatello e lekanyang, e fetole kgatello e feletseng pele.

Kgatelelo e feletseng = kgatello ya sepakapaka + kgatello ya tekanyo (kgatello ya sepakapaka = kgatello ya moya o kantle)

Haeba se tsejoang e le khatello ea sepakapaka (ha ho na khatello ea gauge), rarolla bothata ka kotloloho.

Mohlala oa potso ea 1:

Khatellong ea sepakapaka (101 kPa), mocheso oa khase ea carbon dioxide = 20 ^oC le bophahamo ba modumo = lilithara tse 2. Haeba kgatello e fetoloa ho 201 kPa mme mocheso o eketsehile ho fihla ho 40 ^oC, bala bophahamo ba ho qetela ba khase ea carbon dioxide.

Puisano

Hoa tsebahala hore:

P₁ = 101 kPa

P₂ = 201 kPa

T₁ = 20 ^oC + 273 K = 293 K

T₂ = 40 ^oC + 273 K = 313 K

V₁ = 2 litara

E botsitsoe: V₂

Karabo:

Mohlala oa potso ea 2:

Fumana bophahamo ba limolek'hule tse 2 tsa khase ho STP (nahana hore khase ena ke khase e loketseng)

Puisano

Bophahamo ba limolek'hule tse 2 tsa khase ho STP (mocheso o tloaelehileng le khatello) ke lilithara tse 44,8.

Mohlala oa potso ea 3:

Bophahamo ba khase ea oksijene ho STP = 20 m³Boima ba khase ea oksijene ke bokae?

Puisano

Boima ba molek'hule ba oksijene = 32 grams/mol (boima ba molek'hule e le 'ngoe ea oksijene = 32 grams). Kahoo, boima ba khase ea oksijene ke:

boima (m) = palo ea limolek'hule (n) x boima ba limolek'hule

boima = (di-moles tse 893) x (digrama tse 32/mol) = digrama tse 28576 = 28,576 kg

Mohlala oa potso ea 4:

Tanka e na le lilithara tse 4 tsa khase ea oksijene (O2)₂). Mocheso oa khase ea oksijene = 20 ^oC le kgatello e lekantsoeng = 20 x 10⁵ N / limithara²Fumana boima ba khase ea oksijene (boima ba limolek'hule tsa oksijene = 32 kg/kmol = 32 grams/mol)

Puisano

MOLAO O LOKILENG OA KHASE (Ka palo ea limolek'hule)

Haeba re hlalosa boholo ba ntho eseng ka boima (m), empa ka palo ea li-mole (n), joale khase e sa fetoheng (R) e sebetsa ho likhase tsohle. Sena se ile sa fumanoa ka lekhetlo la pele ke Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856), rasaense oa Motaliana.

Avogadro o itse ha bophahamo, kgatello le mocheso wa khase ka nngwe di tshwana, kgase ka nngwe e na le palo e tshwanang ya dimolek'hule.

Polelo e ngotsoeng ka mongolo o motenya o tenya e bitsoa khopolo-taba ea Avogadro. Khopolo-taba ea Avogadro, kapa khakanyo, e lumellana le taba ea hore R e sa fetoheng e tšoana bakeng sa likhase tsohle. Bopaki bo bong ke bona:

Ea pele, haeba re rarolla bothata re sebelisa equation e loketseng ea molao oa khase (PV = nRT), re tla fumana hore ha palo ea li-moles (n) e tšoana, khatello le mocheso le tsona li tšoana, joale bophahamo ba likhase tsohle bo tla tšoana, haeba re sebelisa khase e sa fetoheng ea bokahohleng (R = 8,315 J/mol.K). Ho STP, khase e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e nang le palo e tšoanang ea li-moles (n) e tla ba le bophahamo bo tšoanang. Bophahamo ba mole e le 'ngoe ea khase ho STP = lilithara tse 22,4. Bophahamo ba li-moles tse 2 tsa khase = lilithara tse 44,8. Bophahamo ba li-moles tse 3 tsa khase = lilithara tse 67,2. Joalo-joalo… sena se sebetsa ho likhase tsohle.

Ea bobeli, palo ea limolek'hule ka mole e le 'ngoe e tšoana bakeng sa likhase tsohle. Palo ea limolek'hule ka mole e le 'ngoe = palo ea limolek'hule ka mole = Palo ea Avogadro (N)_AKahoo palo ea Avogadro e tšoana bakeng sa likhase tsohle.

Boholo ba palo ea Avogadro bo fumanoa ka ho lekanya:

NA = 6,02 x 10²³ limolek'hule/mol

Ho fumana palo yohle ya dimolek'hule (N), re ka atisa palo ya dimolek'hule ka mole (NA) ka palo ya dimolek'hule (n).

Ena ke equation e loketseng ea molao oa khase mabapi le palo ea limolek'hule.

Lintlha :

P = Khatello

V = Molumo

N = Palo yohle ya dimolek'hule

k = Boltzmann's kamehla (k = 1,38 x 10²³ J/K)

T = Mocheso

Volume

Litara e le 1 (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL) = 1000 cubic centimeters (cm)³)

Litara e le 1 (L) = 1 cubic decimeter (dm)³) = 1 x 10³ m³

Khatello

1 N/m² = 1 Pa

Atm e le 1 = 1.013 x 10⁵ N / limithara² = 1,013x10⁵ Pa = 1,013 x 10² kPa = 101,3 kPa (hangata ho sebediswa 101 kPa)

Pa = pascal

atm = sepakapaka

Matla a ka hare a khase e loketseng

Matla a ka hare a khase e ntle ea monatomic

Matla a ka hare a khase e ntle ea monatomic ke kakaretso ea matla a kinetic a phetolelo a limolek'hule tsa khase e ntle ea monatomic. Kakaretso ea matla a kinetic a phetolelo a limolek'hule tsa khase e ntle = sehlahisoa sa matla a kinetic a phetolelo a molek'hule ka 'ngoe ka palo ea limolek'hule (N). Ka lipalo:

Lintlha :

U = Matla a ka hare a khase e ntle ea monatomic (J)

N = Palo ea limolek'hule

k = Boltzmann's kamehla (k = 1,38 x 10 ²³ J/K)

T = Mocheso o feletseng (K)

n = Palo ea li-moles (mol)

R = Khase e sa fetoheng ka ho feletseng (R = 8,315 J/mol.K = 8315 kJ/kmol.K)

Matla ka khase e loketseng ea diatomic

Matla a ka hare a khase e loketseng diatomic ke kakaretso ea matla a kinetic a phetolelo, matla a kinetic a potolohang, le matla a kinetic a vibration a limolek'hule tsa khase e loketseng diatomic. Ho ea ka molao-motheo oa ho aroloa ha matla, matla a ka hare a khase e loketseng diatomic ke:

U = 5/2 n RT

Matla ka har'a khase e loketseng ea polyatomic

Matla a ka hare a khase e loketseng ea polyatomic ke kakaretso ea matla a kinetic a phetolelo, matla a kinetic a potolohang, le matla a kinetic a vibration a limolek'hule tsa khase e loketseng ea polyatomic. Ho ea ka molao-motheo oa ho aroloa ha matla, matla a ka hare a khase e loketseng ea polyatomic ke:

U = 7/2 n RT

Matla a khase ea 'nete

Matla a ka hara khase ea 'nete le 'ona a itšetlehile ka mocheso. Ha khatello ea khase ea 'nete e le holimo ka ho lekaneng (bophahamo ba khase ea 'nete bo bonyenyane), khase ea 'nete e qala ho bontša boitšoaro bo khelohileng. Ka hona, ho ka thoe matla a ka har'a khase ea 'nete le 'ona a itšetlehile ka khatello le bophahamo.