Karolo ea Mitochondria Tlhahisong ea Matla a Lisele
Hangata Mitochondria e bitsoa "matlo a matla" a lisele, 'me karolo ea tsona tlhahisong ea matla e ke ke ea feteletsoa. Meaho ena ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa lisele tsa eukaryotic, e leng se etsang hore lintho tse phelang li be le phepelo e lekaneng ea matla bakeng sa mesebetsi e fapaneng ea baeloji. Sengoloa sena se tla hlahloba ka botebo kamoo mitochondria e kenyang letsoho tlhahisong ea matla a sele, mekhoa e amehang, le bohlokoa ba eona bophelong ba sele le ba 'mele ka kakaretso.
Selelekela: Mitochondria ke eng?
Mitochondria ke li-organelle tse nang le marako a mabeli tse fumanoang hoo e batlang e le liseleng tsohle tsa eukaryotic. Li boetse li bitsoa "matlo a matla" a sele, mitochondria ke litsi tsa mantlha tsa tlhahiso ea adenosine triphosphate (ATP), molek'hule ea matla ea mantlha e sebelisoang ke lisele bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa metabolic. Meaho ena e na le lera le le leng le le leng: lera le boreleli la kantle le lera le ka hare le nang le likoti, tse etsang meaho e bitsoang cristae. Cristae e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho eketseng sebaka sa bokaholimo ba lera le ka hare, e leng sa bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea ATP.
Tlhahiso ea ATP Mitochondria
Tlhahiso ea ATP ho mitochondria e etsahala ka mokhoa o tsejoang e le oxidative phosphorylation, mohato oa ho qetela oa ho hema ha sele. Ho hema ha sele ke letoto la liketso tsa biochemical tse kenyelletsang phetoho ea matla a tsoang lijong ho ea ho ATP. Ho hema ha sele ho na le mekhahlelo e meraro e meholo: glycolysis, potoloho ea citric acid (potoloho ea Krebs), le phosphorylation ea oxidative.
1. Glycolysis ke mohato wa pele wa ho hema ha sele mme o etsahala ka hara cytoplasm. Mokhahlelong ona, glucose e arolwa ka dimolekhule tse pedi tsa pyruvate, e leng se hlahisang ATP e nyane le NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).
2. Potoloho ea Citric Acid e etsahala ka har'a matrix ea mitochondrial. Pyruvate e hlahisoang ke glycolysis e fetoloa hore e be acetyl-CoA, ebe e kena potolohong ea citric acid. Potolohong ena, acetyl-CoA e aroloa ho ba carbon dioxide, 'me matla a hlahang a fetisetsoa limolek'huleng tsa carrier ea lielektrone NADH le FADH2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide).
3. Phosphorylation ea oxidative e etsahala ka har'a lera la ka hare la mitochondrial. NADH le FADH2, tse hlahisoang ke potoloho ea citric acid, li lokolla lielektrone ka har'a ketane ea lipalangoang tsa lielektrone. Phetiso ena ea lielektrone e etsa hore proton e be gradient ho pholletsa le lera la ka hare la mitochondrial, e leng se matlafatsang tlhahiso ea ATP ka enzyme ATP synthase.
Ketane ea ho tsamaisa lielektrone e na le letoto la li-complex tsa protheine tse kentsoeng ka har'a lera la ka hare la mitochondrial. Lielektrone tse tsoang ho NADH le FADH2 li fetisetsoa ka har'a li-complex tsena, 'me matla a lokolloang a sebelisoa ho pompa liprothone ho tloha matrix ea mitochondrial ho ea sebakeng sa intermembrane, ho etsa gradient ea proton. ATP synthase, e leng motsoako o mong oa protheine, e lumella liprothone ho khutlela matrix ea mitochondrial, 'me matla a tsoang gradient ena ea proton a sebelisoa ho kopanya ADP le phosphate e sa tloaelehang ho theha ATP. Ts'ebetsong ena, oksijene e sebetsa e le moamoheli oa ho qetela oa lielektrone 'me e kopana le liprothone ho etsa metsi.
Karolo ea Mitochondria ho Metabolism ea Cellular
Ntle le tlhahiso ea ATP, mitochondria e boetse e ameha likarolong tse ling tse fapaneng tsa metabolism ea sele, joalo ka tlhahiso ea metabolism e mahareng e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho kopanngoa ha li-amino acid, lipids le nucleotides. Mitochondria e boetse e sebetsa ho homeostasis ea calcium ion, e leng ea bohlokoa bakeng sa mesebetsi e fapaneng ea sele, ho kenyeletsoa ho honyela ha mesifa le taolo ea metabolism ea matla.
Tekanyo ena e phethahetseng ea mosebetsi oa mitochondrial e hlahisa tekano e tšehetsang bophelo ba sele. Li-metabolite tse ngata tse hlahisoang potolohong ea Krebs li ameha litseleng tse ling tsa biosynthetic. Mohlala, citrate e tsoang mitochondria e ka sebelisoa cytoplasm bakeng sa tlhahiso ea mafura a acid.
Mitochondria le Apoptosis
Ntle le karolo ea tsona tlhahisong ea matla le metabolism, mitochondria le eona ke litsi tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa taolo ea apoptosis, kapa lefu la sele le hlophisitsoeng. Apoptosis ke mokhoa oa bohlokoa oo lintho tse phelang li o sebelisang ho felisa lisele tse senyehileng kapa tse sa hlokahaleng 'me o bapala karolo ea bohlokoa kholong le taolong ea boleng ba lisele.
Mitochondria e ka lokolla dintho tse bakang apoptotic tse kang cytochrome c ka hara cytoplasm ho arabela kgatellong kapa tshenyo ya sele. Dintho tsena di qala letoto la dikarabelo tse lebisang ho kenngweng tshebetsong ha dienzyme tsa protease tse bitswang caspases, qetellong di lebisa ho senyeheng ha dikarolo tsa sele le lefu la sele.
Tšusumetso ea Mathata a Mitochondria Bophelong bo Botle
Ho se sebetse hantle ha mitochondria ho ka tlatsetsa mafung a fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le mafu a ho senyeha ha methapo ea mali, metabolism le lefu la pelo. Mohlala, lefu la Parkinson le la Alzheimer li amahanngoa le tšenyo ea mitochondria e lebisang tlhahisong e eketsehileng ea li-free radical, tse senyang likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa sele. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 le lefu la pelo hangata li kenyelletsa litšitiso tlhahisong ea matla a mitochondria le ho senyeha ha homeostasis ea metabolism.
Liphetoho tsa DNA ea mitochondrial le tsona li ka ama ts'ebetso ea mitochondrial. DNA ea Mitochondrial, e futsitsoeng ho 'm'ae, e kenyelletsa likarolo tse' maloa tsa bohlokoa tsa ketane ea lipalangoang tsa lielektrone. Liphetoho tsa liphatsa tsena tsa lefutso li ka baka mafu a mitochondrial a kang MELAS syndrome (myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, le liketsahalo tse kang stroke) le Leigh syndrome.
Qetello
Karolo ea mitochondria tlhahisong ea matla a sele ke ea bohlokoa. Jwalo ka setsi sa mantlha sa tlhahiso ea ATP ka ho hema ha sele, mitochondria e tšehetsa hoo e ka bang karolo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea ts'ebetso ea sele le bophelo ba sebopuoa. Ntle le tlhahiso ea matla, mitochondria e boetse e bapala karolo metabolism, taolo ea li-ion le apoptosis. Ho se tloaelehe ts'ebetsong ea mitochondrial ho ka lebisa maemong a fapaneng a tebileng a pathological. Ka hona, ho utloisisa ts'ebetso ea mitochondrial le ho boloka mitochondria e phetseng hantle ho bohlokoa bakeng sa boiketlo bohle ba sebopuoa.
Ka ho utloisisa hamolemo kamoo mitochondria e sebetsang kateng, re ka ntshetsa pele maano a betere a ho phekola le ho thibela mafu a metseng ka lebaka la ho se sebetse hantle ha mitochondrial. Ka dipatlisiso tse tswelang pele, tshepo ya rona ke ho sebedisa bokgoni bohle ba "matlo ana a matla" a sele ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle le boleng ba bophelo.
