Tlhahlobo ea Metsoako e Sebetsang Meriana ea Tlhaho
Tšebeliso ea limela tsa meriana e le mehloli ea meriana ea litlama e na le nalane e telele, e tlalehiloeng litsong tse fapaneng lefatšeng ka bophara. Limela tsena li na le metsoako e fapaneng e sebetsang e nang le litšobotsi tse ka bang teng tsa phekolo ho phekoleng mafu. Ho tseba le ho sekaseka metsoako ena e sebetsang ke senotlolo sa ho utloisisa mekhoa ea eona ea ts'ebetso le bokhoni ba eona e le meriana ea tlhaho.
Selelekela: Bohlokoa ba Meriana ea Tlhaho Bongaka ba Sejoale-joale
Meriana ea tlhaho kapa ea litlama e fumane sebaka sa bohlokoa merianeng ea sejoale-joale hobane e nkoa e le ea tlhaho haholo 'me hangata e na le litla-morao tse fokolang ho feta meriana ea maiketsetso. Ho tseba metsoako e sebetsang limela tsa meriana ho lumella nts'etsopele ea meriana e mecha, e sebetsang hantle le e sireletsehileng haholoanyane. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, lipatlisiso mabapi le metsoako e sebetsang ea bioloji e tsoang limela li eketsehile ka potlako ka ho hlaha ha mekhoa ea sejoale-joale ea tlhahlobo.
Mokhoa oa ho Khetholla Metsoako o Sebetsang
1. Pokello ea Mehlala le Tokisetso:
Ts'ebetso ea ho khetholla e qala ka pokello ea limela tse lokelang ho hlahlojoa. Limela li lokela ho bokelloa tikolohong ea tsona ea tlhaho kapa ho lengoa ho sebelisoa mekhoa e nepahetseng ho netefatsa boleng bo holimo le litaba tse sebetsang hantle. Limela lia omisoa ebe lia siloa hore e be phofo.
2. Ho ntša:
Ho ntša metsoako ke mohato oa pele oa ho fumana metsoako e sebetsang limela. Mekhoa e sebelisoang haholo ea ho ntša metsoako e kenyelletsa ho ntša metsoako e qhibilihang (methanol, ethanol, chloroform), ho ntša metsoako ea Soxhlet, le ho ntša metsoako e sebelisang ultrasonic. Khetho ea mokhoa oa ho ntša metsoako le oa ho ntša metsoako e itšetlehile ka litšobotsi tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa motsoako o lokelang ho aroloa.
3. Karohano le Karohano:
Kamora ho ntshwa, motswako o rarahaneng wa metsoako o hlahang o arolwa ho sebediswa mekgwa e kang column chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), le gas chromatography (GC). Tshebetso ena e ikemiseditse ho arola metsoako e nang le di-polarity tse fapaneng ho fumana dikarolwana tse hlwekileng.
4. Tlhahlobo ea Motsoako:
Kamora ho arola, metsoako e sebetsang e ile ea khetholloa ka ho sebelisa mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), le gas chromatography ka mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Mekhoa ena e fana ka tlhahisoleseling mabapi le sebopeho sa limolek'hule le boima ba limolek'hule tsa metsoako e arohaneng.
Metswako e Meholo e Sebetsang Dimeleng tsa Meriana
Limela tsa meriana li na le lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa metsoako e sebetsang, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e na le mesebetsi e itseng ea baeloji. Metsoako e meholo e fumanoang khafetsa e kenyelletsa:
1. Li-alkaloid:
Li-alkaloid ke metsoako ea tlhaho e nang le naetrojene eo hangata e nang le ts'ebetso e phahameng ea baeloji. Mehlala e tsebahalang ea li-alkaloid e kenyelletsa morphine (e tsoang ho Papaver somniferum), caffeine (e tsoang ho Coffea spp.), le berberine (e tsoang ho Berberis spp.). Li-alkaloid hangata li na le thepa ea ho kokobetsa bohloko, ho hlasimolla le ho loantša likokoana-hloko.
2. Li-flavonoid:
Li-flavonoid ke metsoako ea phenolic e fumanoang likarolong tse fapaneng tsa limela, joalo ka makhasi, lipalesa le litholoana. Mehlala ea li-flavonoid e kenyelletsa quercetin le kaempferol. Li-flavonoid li na le mesebetsi e hlahelletseng ea antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, le anticancer.
3. Li-terpenoid le Li-steroid:
Li-terpenoid ke sehlopha sa metsoako ea lintho tse phelang e entsoeng ka li-unit tsa isoprene. Li teng ka mefuta e fapaneng, ho tloha ho li-monoterpenoid ho ea ho li-triterpenoid le li-steroid. Mohlala, limonene litholoana tsa citrus li na le thepa ea antioxidant, ha guggulsterone e tsoang ho Commiphora mukul e bontša ts'ebetso ea ho thibela ho ruruha.
4. Saponin:
Li-saponins ke metsoako ea glycoside e hlahisang foam ha e kopantsoe le metsi. Hangata li fumanoa limela tse kang Panax ginseng le Glycyrrhiza glabra. Li-saponins li na le mesebetsi ea ho loantša likokoana-hloko, ho thibela ho ruruha le ho thibela sesole sa 'mele.
5. Li-polyphenol:
Li-polyphenol ke metsoako e nang le lihlopha tse ngata tsa phenol, tse fumanoang limela tse ngata 'me li tsejoa ka ts'ebetso ea tsona e matla ea antioxidant. Mehlala e kenyelletsa catechins e tsoang teeng e tala le resveratrol e tsoang veineng e khubelu.
Litšebeliso le Melemo ea Metsoako e Sebetsang
1. Thibelo le Kalafo ea Mafu a sa Foleng:
Metswako e mengata e sebetsang, e kang flavonoids le polyphenols, e sebetsa e le li-antioxidants, e sireletsa lisele tšenyong ea oxidative e ka lebisang mafung a sa foleng a kang kankere le lefu la pelo. Mohlala, resveratrol e tsoang morara e tsejoa e fokotsa kotsi ea lefu la pelo le methapo ea mali.
2. Kalafo ea Likokoana-hloko:
Li-alkaloid le li-saponins li na le ts'ebetso e hlahelletseng ea ho loantša likokoana-hloko e ka sebelisoang ho loantša tšoaetso ea baktheria le ea vaerase. Mohlala, litlama tse tsoang semeleng sa Andrographis paniculata li bontšitse ts'ebetso khahlanong le libaktheria tse bakang mafu bathong.
3. E thibelang ho ruruha le ho kokobetsa bohloko:
Metswako e kang terpenoids le flavonoids e ka fokotsa ho ruruha le bohloko, e leng se etsang hore e be bakhethoa ba molemo bakeng sa ho phekola maemo a ho ruruha le bohloko bo sa foleng. Mohlala ke boswelliic acid e tsoang ho Boswellia serrata, e sebelisoang kalafong ea ramatiki.
4. Taolo ea Tsamaiso ea 'Mele ea ho Sireletsa Metsing:
Li-saponins le li-polyphenol tse ling li ka fetola ts'ebetso ea sistimi ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung, e leng se etsang hore li be molemo kalafong ea mafu a ho itšireletsa mafung le e le li-inhancer tsa 'mele. Li-ginsenoside tse tsoang ho ginseng, mohlala, li na le litlamorao tse matla tsa ho laola sesole sa 'mele.
Liphephetso le Litebello tsa Nakong e Tlang
Leha ho hlwaya le ho sebedisa metsoako e sebetsang e tswang dimeleng tsa meriana ho na le bokgoni bo boholo, ho na le diphephetso tse mmalwa tse hlokang ho rarollwa.
1. Lisebelisoa tse Lekanyelitsoeng:
Limela tse ngata tsa meriana li na le mehloli e fokolang ea tlhaho, kahoo mokhoa o motle oa paballo oa hlokahala ho laola temo ea tsona.
2. Tlhoekiso le Sekala sa Tlhahiso:
Ts'ebetso ea ho hloekisa metsoako e sebetsang e ka ba e rarahaneng haholo ebile e bitsa chelete e ngata. Ka hona, lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e sebetsang hantle le e theko e tlase lia hlokahala ka potlako.
3. Polokeho le Bokgoni:
Liteko tse felletseng tsa bongaka lia hlokahala ho netefatsa polokeho le katleho ea metsoako e sebetsang pele e ka amoheloa haholo lefatšeng la bongaka.
4. Melawana le Maemo:
Indasteri ea meriana ea litlama e hloka litekanyetso tse tiileng tsa taolo ho netefatsa boleng le polokeho ea sehlahisoa tse tsitsitseng. Sena se kenyelletsa tlhahiso, ts'ebetso le thekiso.
Qetello
Ho tsebahatsa metsoako e sebetsang merianeng ea tlhaho ke mohato oa bohlokoa oa ho sebelisa mehloli ea tlhaho e nang le bokhoni ba phekolo ka botlalo. Ka tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji ea tlhahlobo le theknoloji ea baeloji, re ka hlahloba le ho nts'etsapele metsoako e sebetsang ho tsoa limela tsa meriana hore e be lihlahisoa tse sebetsang hantle le tse sireletsehileng bakeng sa tšebeliso merianeng ea sejoale-joale. Lipatlisiso tse ling le tšebelisano-'moho lipakeng tsa bo-rasaense, lingaka le indasteri li tla bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlokomeleng bokhoni bo felletseng ba meriana ea tlhaho.
