Li-turbine tse Matlafatsing
Li-turbine ke e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsamaisong efe kapa efe ea tlhahiso ea motlakase. Hoo e ka bang lifeme tsohle tse kholo tsa motlakase—ebang li sebelisa mouoane, metsi, khase, kapa moea—li itšetlehile ka li-turbine ho fetola matla a mokelikeli kapa a phallo hore e be matla a mechini ka mokhoa oa ho potoloha ha shaft. Ho potoloha hona ho ntan'o khanna jenereithara ho hlahisa motlakase. Ntle le li-turbine, ts'ebetso ea phetoho ea matla mefuteng e mengata ea lifeme tsa motlakase e ne e ke ke ea sebetsa hantle ebile ea tšepahala joalo ka ha re e tseba kajeno.
Tlhaloso le Mosebetsi oa Li-Turbine
Ha re bua ka bokhutšoanyane, turbine ke mochini o fetolang kinetic (motsamao) le/kapa matla a ka bang teng a mokelikeli hore e be matla a mechine a potolohang. Mokelikeli o amehang e ka ba mouoane oa metsi (mouoane), metsi a noka kapa a letamo (hydro), likhase tse chesang tse tukang (khase), kapa moea (moea). Mosebetsi oa mantlha oa turbine setsing sa motlakase ke ho hlahisa torque le potoloho e tsitsitseng shaft, e lumellang jenereithara ho potoloha ka lebelo le itseng ho hlahisa motlakase ka maqhubu a loketseng (mohlala, 50 Hz Indonesia).
Li-turbine li boetse li bapala karolo ea ho boloka botsitso ba sistimi ea tlhahiso ea motlakase hobane lebelo la potoloho, taolo ea phallo ea mokelikeli, le taolo ea mojaro oa jenereithara li hokahane. Litsing tsa motlakase tsa sejoale-joale, li-turbine li hlomelloa ka litsamaiso tse rarahaneng tsa taolo ho netefatsa katleho le ts'ebetso e sireletsehileng.
Molao-motheo oa ho Sebetsa oa Turbine
Molao-motheo oa ts'ebetso ea turbine ha e le hantle o latela mohopolo oa phapanyetsano ea matla. Ha mokelikeli o nang le khatello e phahameng kapa lebelo le phahameng o phalla ka holim'a makhasi a turbine, o ntša matla, o etsa hore rotor e potolohe. Matla a mokelikeli aa lahleha hobane boholo ba matla a oona a fetotsoe matla a mechini.
Ka kakaretso, li-turbine li arotsoe ka melao-motheo e 'meli e meholo ho latela kamoo li sebelisang matla a mokelikeli kateng:
1. Turbine ea Tšusumetso (Turbine ea Tšusumetso)
Ka har'a turbine ea impulse, mokelikeli o lebisoa ka nozzle, e leng se etsang hore lebelo la oona le eketsehe ka matla, ebe o otla mahare a turbine. Matla a impulse a tsoang mokhoeng o fetohang oa mokelikeli a etsa hore rotor e potolohe. Mohlala o tsebahalang haholo ke turbine ea Pelton setsing sa motlakase oa metsi.
2. Turbine ea Karabelo (Turbine ea Karabelo)
Ka hara turbine ya karabelo, ho theoha ha kgatello ha ho etsahale feela nozzle empa hape le ka hara mahare a turbine. Mokelikeli o na le diphetoho kgatellong le lebelong ha o feta hara mahare, ho etsa matla a karabelo a potolohang rotor. Mehlala e kenyeletsa diturbine tsa Francis le Kaplan bakeng sa motlakase wa metsi, hammoho le diturbine tse ngata tsa mouoane ditsing tsa motlakase wa mocheso.
Mefuta ea Li-Turbine Limeleng tsa Matla
1. Turbine ea Mouoane
Liturbine tsa mouoane li sebelisoa haholo litsi tsa motlakase tse sebelisoang ka mashala (PLTU), litsi tsa motlakase tse sebelisang geothermal (PLTP), le litsi tse ling tsa motlakase tse thehiloeng ho biomass. Mouoane o nang le khatello e phahameng o hlahisoa ho tsoa boiler (ka har'a PLTU) kapa ho tsoa polokelong ea geothermal (ka har'a PLTP). Ebe mouoane o fetisetsoa ho turbine ho potoloha rotor.
Liturbine tsa mouoane li fumana katleho e phahameng ha li entsoe ka mekhahlelo e mengata, ho tloha khatellong e phahameng, khatello e mahareng, ho isa khatellong e tlase. Kamora ho feta ka har'a turbine, mouoane hangata o khutlisetsoa metsing ka har'a condenser e le hore o ka pompeloa hape tsamaisong e le potoloho e koetsoeng (Rankine cycle). Molemo o ka sehloohong oa liturbine tsa mouoane ke bokhoni ba tsona ba ho hlahisa matla a mangata ka ho sa feleng, empa li hloka meralo ea motheo e rarahaneng joalo ka liboiler, li-condenser le litsamaiso tsa kalafo ea metsi.
2. Turbine ea Metsi (Turbine ea Hydraulic)
Litsing tsa motlakase oa metsi (PLTA), matla a ka bang teng a metsi ka lebaka la phapang ea bolelele (hlooho) le matla a phallo a sebelisoa ho fetola turbine. Mefuta e tloaelehileng ea liturbine tsa metsi e kenyelletsa:
– Pelton Turbine: E loketse hlooho e phahameng le lebelo le tlase la phallo. E sebelisa molao-motheo oa impulse, e romela jete e matla ea metsi ka nozzle ho ea lehareng le bōpehileng joaloka sekotlolo.
– Francis turbine: E loketse dihlooho tse mahareng le di-discharge tse mahareng. Mofuta ona wa turbine ke turbine ya karabelo mme e sebediswa haholo ditsing tse kgolo tsa motlakase wa metsi.
– Kaplan/Propeller Turbine: E loketse hlooho e tlase le sekgahla se phahameng sa phallo. Mahare a yona a tshwana le dipropeller mme hangata a sebediswa dinokeng tse kgolo kapa matamong a tlase.
Liturbine tsa motlakase oa metsi ka kakaretso li na le bokhoni bo phahameng haholo le litšenyehelo tse tlase tsa ts'ebetso hobane ha li hloke mafura. Leha ho le joalo, lifeme tsa motlakase oa metsi li hloka matsete a mangata, libaka tse loketseng, le ho nahana ka litlamorao tsa tikoloho le tsa sechaba.
3. Turbine ea Khase
Liturbine tsa khase li sebelisoa lifemeng tsa motlakase tse fehlang khase (PLTG) le lifemeng tsa motlakase tse kopantsoeng (PLTGU). Molao-motheo ke ho sebelisa likhase tse chesang tse nang le khatello e phahameng tse tsoang mafura a tukang (joalo ka khase ea tlhaho) e phallang ka har'a turbine le ho phetla shaft.
Turbine ea khase e na le compressor e hatellang moea, kamore ea ho tuka e kopanyang moea le mafura, le turbine e fetolang matla a khase e chesang hore e be potoloho. Molemo oa turbine ea khase ke bokhoni ba eona ba ho qala kapele, e leng se etsang hore e lokele meroalo e phahameng kapa litlhoko tsa ho tenyetseha ha sistimi. Bothata ke hore katleho e bonolo ea turbine ea khase ha e phahame joaloka sistimi ea mouoane, empa sena se ka ntlafatsoa setsing sa motlakase sa potoloho e kopaneng (CCPP) ka ho sebelisa mocheso o litšila ho hlahisa mouoane, ebe o khanna turbine e eketsehileng ea mouoane.
4. Turbine ea Moea
Liturbine tsa moea ke pelo ea lifeme tsa matla a moea (PLTB). Mahare a hapa matla a kinetic a moea ebe a fetola rotor e hokahantsoeng le jenereithara ka gearbox kapa sistimi ea direct-drive. Liturbine tsa moea tsa sejoale-joale li na le litsamaiso tsa taolo ea pitch (blade angle) le yaw (blade orientation) ho eketsa ho hapa matla le ho sireletsa turbine meea e matla.
Molemo o ka sehloohong oa liturbine tsa moea ke mohloli oa tsona oa matla a nchafatsoang 'me hoo e ka bang ha ho na mosi o tsoang nakong ea ts'ebetso. Phephetso ke tlhaho e sa tsitsang ea moea, kahoo ho kopanngoa ho gridi ea motlakase ho hloka taolo ea sistimi le matla a bekapo ho tsoa mehloling e meng kapa polokelong ea matla.
Likarolo tse ka Sehloohong tsa Li-turbine Limeleng tsa Motlakase
Leha meralo ea turbine e fapana, tse ling tsa likarolo tsa mantlha ka kakaretso li kenyelletsa:
– Rotor le mahare: Likarolo tse potolohang tse amohelang matla a mokelikeli.
– Stator kapa nozzle/guide vane: E tataisa phallo ea mokelikeli e le hore sekhutlo sa ho kena se be se loketseng.
– Shaft: E fetisetsa potoloho ho jenereithara.
– Ho bea: Ho tšehetsa shaft ho e boloka e tsitsitse le ho fokotsa khohlano.
– Sekotjana/ntlo ya turbine: E sireletsa dikarolo mme e laola phallo.
– Sistimi ea taolo le tšireletso: E laola lebelo, mojaro le polokeho ea ts'ebetso.
Liturbine tsa mouoane le khase, ho boetse ho na le litsamaiso tse ling tse kang li-governors, litiiso, litsamaiso tsa ho tlotsa, le ho beha leihlo ho thothomela le mocheso ho thibela tšenyo.
Bokgoni, Botšepehi le Tlhokomelo
Bokgoni ba turbine bo susumetsoa haholo ke moralo wa lehare, maemo a mokelikeli (kgatello, mocheso, sekgahla sa phallo), le boleng ba tlhokomelo. Diturbineng tsa mouoane, boleng ba metsi bo bohlokwa hobane ditshila le mafome di ka senya mahare le diphaephe. Diturbineng tsa khase, dithempereichara tse phahameng di ka potlakisa ho tsofala, ho hloka thepa e ikgethang le ditsamaiso tsa ho phodisa mahare.
Tlhokomelo ea turbine hangata e kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea kamehla, litekanyo tsa ho thothomela, tlhahlobo ea mafura, tlhahlobo ea mahare bakeng sa khoholeho kapa mapetso, le ho lokisa nako le nako. Ho tšepahala ha turbine ke habohlokoa, kaha ho koaloa ka tšohanyetso ho ka baka tšitiso e kholo tsamaisong ea motlakase le tahlehelo ea moruo.
Karolo ea Li-turbine Phetohong ea Matla
Moelelong oa phetoho ea matla, liturbine li ntse li tsoela pele ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa. Litsi tsa motlakase oa metsi le tsa moea li sebelisa liturbine ho hlahisa motlakase mehloling e nchafatsoang. Esita le litsi tsa motlakase tsa sejoale-joale li itšetleha ka liturbine tse sebetsang hantle haholo ho fokotsa mosi o tsoang ka kWh. Litsamaiso tsa potoloho e kopaneng, tse kopanyang liturbine tsa khase le mouoane, le tsona ke borokho ba bohlokoa ba matla a hloekileng hobane li sebetsa hantle ho feta litsi tsa motlakase tse tloaelehileng tse fepeloang ke mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale.
Ho feta moo, theknoloji ea turbine e ntse e tsoela pele: meralo e mengata ea mahare a moea, thepa e hanelang mocheso haholoanyane, litsamaiso tse nepahetseng tsa taolo ea dijithale, le kopanyo e pharaletseng le polokelo ea matla. Sena se etsa hore liturbine li sebetse hantle haholoanyane, li tenyetsehe, 'me li tšepahale ho fihlela litlhoko tsa motlakase tse ntseng li hola le tse fapaneng.
Qetello
Li-turbine ke pelo ea lifeme tse ngata tsa motlakase, tse sebetsang e le sehokelo sa mantlha sa ho fetola matla a metsi hore e be matla a mechini, ebe li fetoha motlakase ka jenereithara. Ebang ke setsing sa motlakase se fehlang mashala (PLTU), seteisheneng sa motlakase oa metsi (PLTA), seteisheneng sa motlakase se fehlang khase (PLTG/PLTGU), seteisheneng sa motlakase oa geothermal (PLTP), kapa seteisheneng sa motlakase se fehlang moea (PLTB), li-turbine li khetholla bokhoni, botšepehi le ts'ebetso ea setsi sa motlakase. Ka tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji le tlhoko ea matla a hloekileng, karolo ea li-turbine e ntse e ba ea bohlokoa le ho feta. Ho utloisisa hore na li-turbine li sebetsa joang, mefuta ea tsona le litšobotsi tsa tsona ho re thusa ho utloisisa hore na motlakase o hlahisoa joang ka katleho le hore na litsamaiso tsa tlhahiso ea motlakase li ka ntlafatsoa joang ho ea bokamosong bo tsitsitseng haholoanyane.
