Ho Bala Tahlehelo ea Matla Phetisong
Sistimi ea motlakase, ha se matla 'ohle a motlakase a hlahisoang setsing sa motlakase a fihlang ho moreki. A mang a 'ona a "lahleha" tseleng e tsoang setsing sa motlakase, seteisheneng se senyenyane, mohala oa phetisetso le marang-rang a kabo. Litahlehelo tsena li tsejoa e le tahlehelo ea matla. Ho bala tahlehelo ea matla phetisetsong ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa bokhoni, ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa ts'ebetso, ho fumana bokhoni ba lisebelisoa, le ho boloka boleng ba phepelo le ts'epo. Sengoloa sena se tšohla mohopolo, lisosa le mekhoa e sebetsang ea ho bala tahlehelo ea matla meleng ea phetisetso.
1. Tahlehelo ea matla a phetisetso ke eng?
Tahlehelo ea matla a phetisetso ke phapang pakeng tsa matla a motlakase a rometsoeng ho tloha pheletsong e rometsoeng le matla a amoheloang pheletsong e amohelang ea sistimi ea phetisetso.
Tahlehelo ea matla = Matla a rometsoeng – Matla a amohetsoe
Litahlehelo tsena ha se lipalo tsa boikarabello feela; ha e le hantle li fetoha mocheso ho li-conductor, mokokotlo oa transformer, 'me ke phello ea liketsahalo tsa motlakase le tsa makenete. Boemong ba sistimi, tahlehelo hangata e hlahisoa ka kWh bakeng sa matla, kapa kW/MW bakeng sa matla mojarong o fanoeng. Litahlehelo tsa peresente le tsona li sebelisoa hangata:
Peresente ea tahlehelo = (Matla a tahlehelo / Matla a ho romela) × 100%
2. Lisosa tse ka sehloohong tsa tahlehelo ea phetisetso
Tahlehelo ea phetisetso hangata e arotsoe ka likarolo tse 'maloa:
a) Tahlehelo ea koporo (tahlehelo ea I²R)
Ena ke eona e hlahelletseng ka ho fetisisa kanaleng. Ha motlakase o phalla ka har'a conductor e nang le khanyetso, mocheso o hlahisoa ka bongata ba:
P\_tahlehelo = I² × R
Ha motlakase o ntse o eketseha, tahlehelo e eketseha ka mahlakore a mane. Ka hona, ho eketsa motlakase oa phetisetso bakeng sa matla a tšoanang ho tla fokotsa motlakase, 'me kahoo tahlehelo.
b) Tahlehelo e bakoang ke phello ea letlalo le ho ba haufi le lona
Ha motlakase o fapanyetsana, motlakase o atisa ho phalla hodima bokaholimo ba motlakase. Sena se eketsa khanyetso e sebetsang ha e bapisoa le khanyetso ea DC. Li-conductor tse haufi, kabo ea motlakase le eona ea ameha (phello ea ho atamela). Ka bobeli li eketsa tahlehelo ea I²R, haholo-holo maqhubung a sistimi (50 Hz Indonesia), leha tshusumetso e bonahala haholo ho motlakase o moholo.
c) Tahlehelo ea Corona
Corona e etsahala ha matla a motlakase a potileng mokhanni a le matla ho lekana ho etsa hore moea o hema, e leng se bakang lerata le hlabang, tšitiso ea seea-le-moea le tahlehelo ea matla. Corona e eketseha ka li-voltage tse phahameng, libaka tse mpe tsa mokhanni, boemo ba leholimo bo mongobo, kapa pula. Tahlehelo ea Corona e atisa ho ba kholo lits'ebetsong tsa EHV/UHV.
d) Tahlehelo ea dielectric le ho lutla ha insulation
Li-insulator le thepa ea ho thibela mocheso li na le tahlehelo e nyane ea dielectric. Ho feta moo, ho na le phallo ea metsi e tsoang holim'a metsi, haholo-holo ha insulator e le litšila kapa e le metsi. Boleng bona hangata bo bonyenyane ho feta tahlehelo ea I²R, empa bo ntse bo baloa lithutong tse qaqileng.
e) Tahlehelo ea lisebelisoa tse amanang (li-transformer le li-reactor)
Leha e se "mohala" feela, mela ea phetisetso hoo e batlang e le kamehla e kenyelletsa liteishene tse nyane le li-transformer.
– Tahlehelo e sa jareng mojaro (tahlehelo ea mantlha): e tsitsitse haholo mabapi le mojaro.
– Tahlehelo ea mojaro (tahlehelo ea koporo): e itšetlehile ka hona joale/mojaro.
Haeba sepheo sa thuto ena e le "tahlehelo ea phetisetso ea sistimi" ho tloha beseng ho ea beseng, hangata tahlehelo ea transformer e kenyelelitsoe.
3. Lintlha tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ho balwa
Ho bala tahlehelo ea phetiso ka botekgeniki, lintlha tse hlokahalang ka kakaretso ke:
1. Moroalo/kabo ea P (MW) le Q (MVar) kapa matla pheletsong ea ho amohela/ho romela.
2. Voltage ea sistimi (kV), mofuta oa sistimi oa mohato oa 1/mokhahlelo oa 3.
3. Diparamithara tsa kanale: khanyetso R (Ω), karabelo X (Ω), le haeba ho hlokahala bokgoni/mokgwa wa ho tsamaisa (π model).
4. Bolelele ba mola (km) le mofuta oa mokhanni ho fumana R ka km.
5. Kenya profil khahlanong le nako ha o bala tahlehelo ea matla ea letsatsi le letsatsi/khoeli le khoeli/selemo le selemo.
4. Ho bala tahlehelo ea motlakase ho sebelisoa mokhoa o bonolo
a) Sistimi ea mekhahlelo e 3
Bakeng sa mela ea mekhahlelo e 3, tahlehelo eohle ea matla a koporo:
P \_tahlehelo = 3 × I² × R \_mokhahlelo
Haeba matla a sebetsang a fetisetsoang le ntlha ea matla li tsejoa:
– P = √3 × V\_LL × I × cos φ
Ebe motlakase:
– Ke = P / (√3 × V\_LL × cos φ)
Hang ha ke se ke tsebahala, e kenye foromong ea tahlehelo ea I²R.
Mohlala o mokgutshwanyane:
Mohlala, phetiso ea 150 kV, matla a 50 MW, matla a 0,9, khanyetso e felletseng ka mohato oa 2 Ω.
Hona jwale:
I = 50×10⁶ / (√3 × 150×10³ × 0,9) ≈ 214 A
Etsa tahlehelo:
P\_tahlehelo = 3 × 214² × 2 ≈ 275 kW
Sena se bontša hore tahlehelo e ama haholo motlakase (mojaro) le khanyetso e felletseng ea mohala.
b) Ho sebedisa paramethara R ka km
Haeba R e tsebahala ka km, mohlala 0,06 Ω/km ka mohato, mme bolelele ke 80 km:
Mokhahlelo oa R = 0,06 × 80 = 4,8 Ω
Ebe o sebedisa foromo e tshwanang.
5. Bala tahlehelo ea matla (kWh) ho tsoa tahlehelong ea matla (kW)
Tahlehelo ea motlakase (kW) ea fetoha ha nako e ntse e ea ha mojaro o fetoha. Ha re nahana ka tahlehelo ea motlakase e sa khaotseng nakong e fanoeng:
E\_tahlehelo = P\_tahlehelo × t
Haeba P\_tahlehelo = 275 kW ka lihora tse 10:
E\_tahlehelo = 275 × 10 = 2.750 kWh
Bakeng sa palo e utloahalang haholoanyane, sebelisa data ea mojaro oa hora (profaele ea mojaro). Bala I ka hora → P\_tahlehelo ka hora → kakaretso ea lihora tsohle:
Tahlehelo ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea E = Σ (P, tahlehelo, hora × hora e le 'ngoe)
Kaha P\_loss ∝ I², dipalopalo tse itshetlehileng hodima karolelano ya motlakase ha se kamehla di nepahetseng. Ho molemo ho sebedisa data ya karohano (mohlala, metsotso e 15 kapa hora e le 1).
6. Mokhoa o tsoetseng pele: palo ea tahlehelo ka phallo ea motlakase (phallo ea mojaro)
Marangrang a phetiso ya dibese tse ngata, tahlehelo ha e balwe habonolo ho sebediswa foromo e le nngwe hobane motlakase o arotswe mela e mengata mme di-voltage tsa bese di a fapana. Mokgwa o tlwaelehileng ke thuto ya phallo ya motlakase ho sebediswa software (ETAP, DIgSILENT PowerFactory, PSS/E, OpenDSS, kapa pandapower).
Ka khopolo-taba:
– Tahlehelo ea motlakase moleng e ka baloa ho tsoa phapang ea matla a rarahaneng pheletsong ea ho romela le ho amohela:
Tahlehelo = Romela – Rea amohela
ka P\_loss = Re(S\_loss) .
– Ka tsela e 'ngoe, ho tsoa ho kanale ea sephetho sa phallo ea matla le boleng ba R:
P\_tahlehelo = 3 × |I|² × R .
Mokhoa ona o boetse o dumella ho bala tahlehelo ya transformer, tahlehelo ya shunt, hammoho le tshusumetso ya di-setting tsa pompo ya transformer le puseletso e arabelang.
7. Mokhoa oa ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea phetisetso
Hang ha tahlehelo e se e badilwe, mohato o latelang ke ho fokotsa kotsi. Maano a mang a tloaelehileng a kenyelletsa:
1. Eketsa motlakase oa phetiso ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea hona joale (le I²R).
2. Ho sebedisa di-conductor tse nang le dikarolo tse kgolo kapa ho kopanya ho fokotsa kganyetso le ho thibela corona.
3. Puseletso ea matla a arabelang (capacitor, STATCOM, SVC) ho fokotsa hona joale ho arabelang le ho ntlafatsa ntlha ea matla.
4. Ntlafatso ea ts'ebetso ea marang-rang (ho romela hape, ho beha konopo, ho hlophisa bocha, khetho ea tsela).
5. Tlhokomelo ea li-insulator le li-conductor ho fokotsa ho lutla le mathata a corona ka lebaka la libaka tse mpe.
8. Kesimpulan
Ho bala tahlehelo ea matla phetisong ke mohato oa bohlokoa oa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea sistimi ea motlakase. Tahlehelo e kholo ka ho fetisisa hangata e tsoa ho I²R, e susumetsoang haholo ke hona joale ea mola le khanyetso, ha corona le ho lutla ha insulation li ka ba bohlokoa maemong a phahameng a motlakase le tlas'a maemo a itseng a tikoloho. Lipalo tse bonolo li ka etsoa ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea motheo ea hona joale le khanyetso, ha bakeng sa marang-rang a rarahaneng, tlhahlobo ea phallo ea motlakase ea hlokahala. Ka ho utloisisa lisosa le mekhoa ea lipalo, basebetsi ba sistimi le ba rerang ba ka fumana liketso tse nepahetseng ho fokotsa tahlehelo le ho ntlafatsa ts'epo ea kabo ea matla a motlakase.
Haeba o lakatsa, nka fetola sengoloa sena ho latela moelelo o itseng (mohlala, 70 kV/150 kV/500 kV), ka eketsa tafole ya mehlala ya dipalo tsa hora, kapa ka kenyelletsa foromo ya corona le mohlala wa π wa mola.
