Likarolo tsa Potoloho ea Elektronike
Mehleng ena ea dijithale, theknoloji e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa haholo bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Theknoloji ha e arohane le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, tse itšetlehileng ka likarolo tse fapaneng ho sebetsa. Haholo-holo lipotolohong tsa elektroniki, likarolo tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa li etsa mokokotlo oa lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa sejoale-joale. Sengoloa sena se tla tšohla tse ling tsa likarolo tsa bohlokoa lipotolohong tsa elektroniki le kamoo li sebetsang hammoho ho etsa mesebetsi e itseng.
1. Mohanyetsi
Resistor ke e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa motheo lipotolohong tsa elektroniki. Mosebetsi oa eona oa mantlha ke ho laola phallo ea motlakase ka ho fana ka khanyetso e itseng. Boleng ba khanyetso ba resistor bo lekanngoa ka ohms (Ω). Resistor li sebelisoa ho sireletsa likarolo tse ling tšenyong e bakoang ke motlakase o feteletseng, ho laola motlakase, le ho ama karabelo ea maqhubu a potoloho.
Ka 'mele, li-resistor li tšoailoe ka lihlopha tse mebala-bala tse bontšang boleng ba tsona ba khanyetso. Lihlopha tsena li latela khoutu ea 'mala ea resistor, e thusang litsebi ho tseba boleng le mamello e khethehileng ea resistor.
2. Kapastor
Li-capacitor ke karolo e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa haholo. Li boloka le ho lokolla matla ka mokhoa oa tjhaja ea motlakase. Li-capacitor li na le li-conductor tse peli tse arotsoeng ke dielectric. Bokhoni bo lekanngoa ka li-farad (F), empa lits'ebetsong tse ngata, li-microfarad (µF) kapa li-picofarad (pF) li sebelisoa haholo.
Li-capacitor li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse ngata ho kenyeletsoa le ho sefa matšoao, polokelo ea matla ea nakoana, le lipotolohong tsa oscillator ho hlahisa matšoao a motlakase.
3. Induktor
Inductor ke karolo e tšoanang le capacitor empa e sebetsa ka tsela e fapaneng. Inductor e boloka matla ka mokhoa oa matla a makenete ha motlakase o phalla ka har'a eona. Inductance e lekanngoa ka Henrys (H).
Tšebeliso ea li-inductor e bohlokoa haholo lits'ebetsong tse kang li-filters, taolo ea maqhubu, le lipotolohong tsa phepelo ea motlakase e le karolo ea lipotoloho tsa phepelo ea motlakase tse fetohang.
4. Dioda
Diode ke karolo ea semiconductor e lumellang motlakase ho phalla ka lehlakoreng le le leng feela. E na le bokhoni bo ikhethang ba ho sitisa kapa ho lumella phallo ea motlakase, ho latela polarity ea motlakase o sebelisoang li-terminal tsa eona. Li-diode li sebelisoa haholo ho li-rectifier ho fetolela motlakase o mong (AC) ho ba motlakase o tobileng (DC), hammoho le lipotolohong tsa tšireletso le tsa matšoao.
5.Transistor
Li-transistors ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa elektroniki ea sejoale-joale, li sebeletsa mesebetsi e 'meli ea mantlha: e le li-amplifiers le e le li-switch. Li entsoe ka li-terminal tse tharo: pokello, emitter, le setsi, li-transistors li ka laola phallo ea hona joale pakeng tsa pokello le emitter ho latela motlakase kapa hona joale metheong ea tsona.
Li-transistors li arotsoe ka mefuta e 'meli e meholo: li-transistors tsa bipolar junction (BJTs) le li-transistors tsa field-effect (FETs). Leha li na le lits'ebetso tse fapaneng, mefuta ena ka bobeli e tšehetsa ts'ebetso ea logic, amplification ea RF, le lits'ebetso tse ling tse ngata lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki ho tloha lik'homphieutheng ho ea lifonong tsa mehala.
6. Potoloho e Kopantsoeng (IC)
Potoloho e kopaneng, kapa IC, ke sephutheloana se senyenyane se nang le palo e kholo ea likarolo tsa elektroniki tse kang li-transistors, li-resistors le li-capacitor tsohle tse entsoeng holim'a karolo e le 'ngoe ea thepa ea semiconductor. Li-IC li lumella moralo oa lipotoloho tse rarahaneng tsa elektroniki sebakeng se senyenyane haholo.
Disekete tse kopaneng (di-IC) di sebediswa nthong e nngwe le e nngwe ho tloha ho di-microprocessor tse dikhomphutheng ho isa ho di-sensor tse disebedisweng tsa bongaka. Bohlokwa ba tsona bo ke ke ba feteletswa, kaha di fetotse tsela eo re ralang le ho sebedisa disebediswa tsa elektroniki ka yona.
7. Fetoha
Switch ke karolo e sebediswang ho bula kapa ho kwala potoloho ya motlakase. E laola motlakase potolohong, mme tshebediso ya yona e bonahala ditshebedisong tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, jwalo ka konopo ya ON/OFF disebedisweng tsa lapeng.
Liswichi li tla ka mefuta e fapaneng, joalo ka liswichi tsa ho fetola, liswichi tsa konopo ea ho tobetsa, liswichi tsa ho dip, liswichi tsa ho potoloha, le tse ling. Foromo ka 'ngoe e na le lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng ho latela mofuta oa ts'ebetso e lakatsehang.
8. Relay
Relay ke switch ea electromechanical e sebelisang electromagnet ho tsamaisa likhokahano potolohong. Relay e lumella taolo ea maqhubu a phahameng kapa li-voltage tse phahameng ka matšoao a motlakase o tlase kapa a motlakase o tlase, e leng se etsang hore e be molemo haholo lits'ebetsong tsa othomathiki tsa indasteri le tsa taolo ea hole.
Ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ea li-relay, ho kenyeletsoa li-relay tsa motlakase, li-relay tsa lehlaka, le li-relay tsa boemo bo tiileng, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e na le litšobotsi le melemo ea eona e ikhethang.
9. Transformer
Transformer ke karolo e sebediswang ho fetola motlakase le motlakase ka ho kenya motlakase ka motlakase. Di-transformer tsena di na le dikhoele tse pedi kapa ho feta tse kobehileng hodima motheo wa tshepe, mme di sebediswa mesebetsing e fapaneng jwalo ka kabo ya motlakase, dipotoloho tsa modumo le disebediswa tsa bongaka.
Li-transformer li lumella ho fetola maemo a motlakase ho latela litlhoko tsa sesebelisoa se itseng, ho netefatsa katleho le polokeho ea ts'ebetso.
10. Potensiometer
Potentiometer ke resistor e feto-fetohang e sebelisetsoang ho laola motlakase kapa hona joale potolohong. Potentiometer e na le li-terminal tse tharo le sesepa se tsamaeang ho latela karolo ea resistive, se fanang ka mokhoa oa ho fetola khanyetso khafetsa.
Ditshebediso tsa potentiometer di kenyeletsa taolo ya modumo disebedisweng tsa modumo, tokiso ya kganya dikrineng, le ditshebediso tse ding tse fapaneng moo ho hlokahalang taolo e feto-fetohang.
fihlela qeto e
Dipotoloho tsa elektroniki ke motheo wa disebediswa tse ngata tseo re di sebedisang letsatsi le letsatsi. Dikarolo tse boletsweng ka hodimo—di-resistor, di-capacitor, di-inductor, di-diode, di-transistors, di-integrated circuits, di-switch, di-relay, di-transformer le di-potentiometer—kaofela di phetha karolo ya bohlokwa ho etseng hore disebediswa tsena di sebetse. Ho utlwisisa mesebetsi le tshebediso ya dikarolo tsena ke mohato wa pele wa ho rala le ho lokisa disebediswa tsa elektroniki, ho bula monyako wa boqapi ba nakong e tlang le theknoloji e tswetseng pele.
