Metheo ea Mechini ea DC le ea AC
Mochini oa motlakase ke sesebelisoa se fetolang matla ho tloha mofuteng o mong ho ea ho o mong ka melao-motheo ea electromagnetism. Boenjiniere ba motlakase, lihlopha tse peli tsa motheo le tse buuoang khafetsa tsa mechini ke mechine ea DC (motlakase o tobileng) le mechine ea AC (motlakase o fapanyetsanang). Ka bobeli li ka sebetsa e le lienjene (ho fetola matla a motlakase hore e be matla a mechini) kapa lijenereithara (ho fetola matla a mechini hore e be matla a motlakase). Sengoloa sena se tšohla likhopolo tsa motheo, kaho, melao-motheo ea ts'ebetso, le liphapang tsa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa mechini ea DC le ea AC.
1. Mehopolo ea Motheo ea Mechini ea Motlakase
Mosebetsi oa mantlha oa mochini oa motlakase o itšetlehile ka melao-motheo e 'meli ea bohlokoa:
1. Matla a Lorentz: mokhanni o tsamaisang motlakase tšimong ea makenete o na le matla. Ena ke motheo oa hore na enjene e sebetsa joang, moo matla a makenete a hlahisang torque e potolohang rotor.
2. Ho kenya motlakase ka motlakase (Molao oa Faraday): phetoho ea phallo ea makenete ho pholletsa le mokhanni e hlahisa motlakase o bakoang. Ena ke motheo oa kamoo jenereithara e sebetsang kateng, moo ho potoloha ha mechine ho hlahisang motlakase oa motlakase.
Ka mantsoe a mang, mochini oa motlakase o sebelisa tšebelisano ea masimo a makenete le maqhubu a motlakase ho hlahisa motsamao, kapa ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho hlahisa motlakase ho tsoa motsamaong.
2. Mochini oa DC (Otlolohileng oa Hona Joale)
2.1 Tlhaloso le Litšobotsi
Mochini oa DC ke mochini oa motlakase o sebetsang mohloling oa motlakase o tobileng (DC). Mechini ena e tsebahala ka bonolo ba eona ba ho laola lebelo le torque. Leha ho le joalo, tšebeliso ea li-commutator le borashe e etsa hore tlhokomelo e be boima ho feta mechini e mengata ea AC.
2.2 Kaho e ka Sehloohong ea Mochini oa DC
Ka kakaretso, mochini oa DC o na le:
– Stator (karolo e sa emeng): e hlahisa matla a makenete. Matla a makenete a ka thehoa ke:
– Mapheo a tšimo lipalong tsa stator, kapa
– Limakenete tse sa feleng (ka lienjene tse nyane tsa DC).
– Rotor/Armature (karolo e potolohang): moo koili ea armature e leng teng. Koili ena, motlakase o bakoang le phallo ea hona joale lia etsahala, tse hlahisang torque.
– Commutator: karolo e arohaneng e bōpehileng joaloka lesale e sebetsang ho khutlisetsa morao tataiso ea hona joale ka har'a coil ea rotor e le hore torque e lule e le ka lehlakoreng le le leng.
– Borashe: mokhanni (hangata khabone) o tsamaisang motlakase ho tloha mohloling ho ea ho commutator.
2.3 Molao-motheo oa ho Sebetsa oa Motlakase oa DC
Ha motlakase o phalla ka har'a likhoele tsa rotor ka har'a matla a makenete a stator, matla a Lorentz a hlahisoa holim'a li-conductor. Matla ana a hlahisa motlakase, a etsang hore rotor e potolohe. Ho boloka potoloho ka tataiso e tsitsitseng ea motlakase, commutator e fetola khokahano ea motlakase halofo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea potoloho.
Lebelo la enjene ea DC le angoa ke:
– Boholo ba motlakase oa ankora,
– Boholo ba phallo ea tšimo,
– Moroalo oa mechine.
Taolo ea lebelo la enjene ea DC e ka etsoa habonolo, mohlala ka ho fetola motlakase oa ho kenya kapa ho lokisa motlakase oa tšimo.
2.4 Molao-motheo oa ho Sebetsa oa Jenereithara ea DC
Ha rotor e potoloha ke mohlodi wa mechini (mohlala, turbine), di-coil tsa rotor di kgaola phallo ya makenete, di hlahisa motlakase o hlahisitsweng (AC, ka tlhaho). Ebe commutator e lokisa sephetho, e leng se fellang ka tlhahiso ya DC di-terminals.
2.5 Mefuta ea Mechini ea DC
Mechini ea DC hangata e aroloa ka mokhoa oa ho hlohlelletsa tšimo:
– Shunt: khoele ea tšimo e bapileng le ankora (lebelo le tsitsitseng hanyane).
– Letoto: khoele ea tšimo ka tatellano e nang le armature (torque e kholo ea pele).
– Motsoako: motsoako oa shunt le letoto (tumellano pakeng tsa torque ea pele le botsitso).
– E thabile ka thoko: mehloli e arohaneng ea tšimo (taolo e tenyetsehang haholoanyane).
3. Mochini oa AC (Mochini o Fetolang Hona Joale)
3.1 Tlhaloso le Litšobotsi
Mochini oa AC ke mochini oa motlakase o sebetsang ka motlakase o fapanyetsanang. Mechini ea AC e laola lits'ebetso tsa indasteri hobane e atisa ho ba bonolo (haholo-holo lienjene tsa induction), e matla haholoanyane, 'me e hloka tlhokomelo e nyane. Mechini ea AC ka kakaretso e tla ka mefuta e 'meli e meholo: mechine e lumellanang le motlakase le mechine e sa lumellaneng le motlakase.
3.2 Kaho e Akaretsang ea Mochini oa AC
Likarolo tsa motheo tsa mochini oa AC li boetse li kenyelletsa stator le rotor:
– Stator: e na le dikhoele tsa mekhahlelo e meraro (ditshebedisong tse ngata tsa indasteri) tse hlahisang matla a makenete a potolohang.
– Rotor: mofuta oa rotor o itšetlehile ka mofuta oa enjene:
– Rotor ea lesaka la squirrel ka har'a enjene ea induction e na le li-conductor bars tse khutsufalitsoeng tse nang le masale.
– Rotor ea leqeba ho li-motor tse itseng tsa induction e lumella ho eketsoa ha khanyetso ea kantle.
– Rotor ea pole (rotor ea tšimo) ka har'a mechini e lumellanang (tšimo ea rotor e ka ba ea motlakase oa DC kapa makenete ea kamehla).
3.3 Tšimo ea Magnetic e Potolohang
Tšobotsi e ikhethang ea mochini oa AC oa mekhahlelo e meraro ke bokhoni ba stator ba ho hlahisa matla a makenete a potolohang ka tlhaho. Ha matla a makenete a mekhahlelo e meraro a phalla ka har'a likhoele tsa stator, matla a makenete a potoloha ka lebelo le itseng, le bitsoang lebelo la synchronous:
\[
n_s = \frac{120 f}{P}
\]
Moo:
– \( n_s \) = lebelo la ho tsamaisana (rpm),
– \( f \) = maqhubu (Hz),
– \( P \) = palo ea lipalo.
Lebelo lena le khetholla litšobotsi tsa motheo tsa enjene ea AC.
4. Motlakase oa Induction (O sa sebetseng ka nako e le 'ngoe)
4.1 Molao-motheo oa Mosebetsi
Dimothara tsa induction di sebetsa ho latela molao-motheo wa induction ya motlakase. Tshimo ya stator e potolohang e kgaola ka hara di-conductor tsa rotor, e hlahisa motlakase o hlahisitsweng ka hara rotor. Motlakase ona wa rotor o hlahisa matla a makenete a rotor a sebelisanang le stator, a hlahisang torque.
Rotor ea enjene ea induction ha e fihle lebelo le lumellanang. Phapang pakeng tsa lebelo la rotor le lebelo le lumellanang e bitsoa slip:
\[
s = \frac{n_s – n_r}{n_s}
\]
Ho thella hoa hlokahala hore ts'ebetso ea ho kenya e tsoele pele.
4.2 Melemo le Meeli
Bophahamo:
– Kaho e bonolo le e tiileng,
– Tlhokomelo e tlase,
– Litšenyehelo tse tlase haholo, li loketse indasteri.
Keterbatasan:
– Taolo ea lebelo ha e bonolo joaloka enjene ea DC ntle le lisebelisoa tse ling,
– Motlakase oa ho qala o ka ba moholo (o hloka mokhoa o itseng oa ho qala kapa inverter/VFD).
5. Mochini o lumellanang
5.1 Molao-motheo oa Mosebetsi
Mochining o tsamaisanang le motlakase, rotor e potoloha ka lebelo le lekanang hantle le tšimo e potolohang ea stator. Rotor e na le matla a makenete (ho tloha ho DC current ho ea ho slip rings kapa makenete a sa feleng) a "koalehang" le tšimo ea stator.
5.2 Litšebeliso
– Lijenereithara tse tsamaellanang (li-alternator) lifemeng tsa motlakase ke tsona tse sebelisoang haholo, hobane li hlahisa motlakase o tsitsitseng oa AC.
– Li-motor tse lumellanang li sebelisoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse hlokang lebelo le sa fetoheng le bokhoni bo phahameng, hammoho le matla a fetoloang (haholo-holo ka taolo ea ho sisinyeha).
6. Papiso ea Mechini ea DC le ea AC
1. Mohloli le Sephetho
– Mechini ea DC: Ho kenya/ho ntša motlakase oa DC, ho sebelisoa sesebelisoa sa ho fetola motlakase bakeng sa ho lokisa motlakase.
– Mechini ea AC: Kenyelletso/tlhahiso ea AC, ka kakaretso ntle le commutator (ntle le mefuta e meng e khethehileng).
2. Tlhokomelo
– DC: e phahame ka lebaka la borashe le ho senyeha ha commutator.
– AC (induction): e tlase hobane ha e sebelise borashe (bakeng sa li-rotor tsa li-cage).
3. Taolo ea Lebelo
– DC: di-setting tse bonolo le tse pharaletseng.
– AC: e rarahane haholo, empa jwale e thuswa haholo ke VFD/inverter.
4. Kopo
– DC: likoloi tse itseng tsa motlakase, lisebelisoa tse hlokang taolo e nepahetseng ea torque/lebelo (meralong e itseng), litsamaiso tsa khale tsa ho khanna.
– AC: dienjene tsa indasteri, dipompo, difene, dikompressor, tlhahiso ya motlakase (dijenereithara tse tsamaisanang).
7. Qetello
Mechini ea DC le ea AC ka bobeli li sebelisa tšebelisano ea matla a makenete le maqhubu a motlakase, empa li fapana ka tsela eo li hlahisang torque, kaho le litšobotsi tsa ts'ebetso. Mechini ea DC e ipabola ka bonolo ba taolo, empa e hloka tlhokomelo e eketsehileng ka lebaka la commutator le borashe. Mechini ea AC, haholo-holo li-induction motors, ke mokokotlo oa indasteri ka lebaka la bonolo ba tsona, ho tšoarella le moruo. Ho utloisisa metheo ea mefuta ena ka bobeli ea mechini ke mohato oa bohlokoa pele u kenella lihloohong tse tsoetseng pele haholoanyane tse kang taolo ea lebelo ka li-inverter, litsamaiso tsa drive, le ho sekaseka ts'ebetso le katleho ea mechini ea motlakase.
Haeba o batla, nka etsa mofuta wa botekgeniki haholoanyane (ka ditshwantsho tsa mehopolo le mehlala e bonolo ya dipalo) kapa mofuta o bonolo bakeng sa baithuti ba mesebetsi ya matsoho/ba sekolo se phahameng.
