Mehlala ea Lipotso mabapi le Puisano ea Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea lisele, e sebetsang e le sebaka sa likarabo tse fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale. Thutong ea baeloji, haholo-holo ha ho buisanoa ka sebopeho le ts'ebetso ea sele, cytoplasm hangata ke sehlooho se khahlisang le se phephetsang. Ho thusa baithuti ho utloisisa le ho tseba mohopolo oa cytoplasm, mona ke lipotso tse ling tsa mehlala le litlhaloso tsa tsona.
Tlhaloso ea Cytoplasm
Pele re kena lipotsong, ho molemo ho qala ka ho utloisisa hore na cytoplasm ke eng. Cytoplasm ke karolo ea sele e pakeng tsa lera la sele le nucleus. E na le cytosol, li-organelle le lintho tse ling tse kenyellelitsoeng. Cytosol ke mokelikeli o kang gel o fanang ka sebaka seo li-organelle tsa sele li ka sebetsang ho sona. Cytoplasm e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho bolokeng sebopeho sa sele le ho fana ka tikoloho bakeng sa metabolism ea sele.
Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano
Potso ea 1: Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa cytoplasm liseleng tsa eukaryotic le prokaryotic ke ofe?
Puisano:
Cytoplasm e sebetsa e le sebaka seo mesebetsi yohle ya metabolism ya sele e etsahalang ho sona. Diseleng tsa eukaryotic, cytoplasm e ameha ho bolokeng sebopeho sa sele ka cytoskeleton, marangrang a difaeba tsa protheine tse thusang ho boloka sebopeho sa sele le ho thusa motsamao wa organelle. Ho feta moo, cytoplasm e bapala karolo ho tsamaiseng dimolek'hule le matshwao pakeng tsa organelles.
Liseleng tsa prokaryotic, tse se nang nucleus e hlalositsoeng, cytoplasm e akaretsa sebaka sohle ka har'a lera la sele, moo DNA le li-ribosome tsa sele li ajoang ntle le meeli ea sebopeho. Mosebetsi oa mantlha oa cytoplasm mefuteng ena ka bobeli ea sele o kenyelletsa ho boloka metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale e hlokahalang bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsohle tsa biochemical le kholo ea sele.
Potso ea 2: Hlalosa karolo ea cytoplasm ts'ebetsong ea tlhahiso ea protheine.
Puisano:
Ho kopanngoa ha protheine ke ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa e etsahalang liseleng, eukaryotic le prokaryotic. Ka har'a cytoplasm, li-ribosome li bapala karolo ea ho fetolela RNA ea moromuoa (mRNA) hore e be liketane tsa li-amino acid tse etsang liprotheine. Liseleng tsa eukaryotic, leha li-ribosome li ka fumanoa ka har'a reticulum e bataletseng ea endoplasmic, li-ribosome tse ngata le tsona li teng ka bolokolohi ka har'a cytoplasm. Ke ka har'a cytoplasm moo mRNA e hlahisoang ho tsoa ho phetolelo ea DNA e fihlang ho fetoleloa liprotheine.
Ho phaella moo, cytoplasm e na le tRNA (transfer RNA) e tsamaisang li-amino acid ho li-ribosome nakong ea tlhahiso ea protheine, e netefatsang hore li-amino acid li bokelloa ka nepo ho latela tatellano e boletsoeng ke mRNA. Ts'ebetso ena e etsahala ka katleho ka lebaka la tikoloho ea cytoplasm, e fanang ka li-enzyme le lintlha tse ling tse hlokahalang bakeng sa tlhahiso ea protheine.
Potso ea 3: Cytosol e sebelisana joang le li-organelle tse ling ka seleng?
Puisano:
Cytosol ke mokelikeli o ka hare ho cytoplasm o fanang ka tikoloho bakeng sa likamano pakeng tsa li-organelle tse fapaneng ka har'a sele. Tlhophiso ena le tšebelisano-'moho li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka homeostasis le ho netefatsa katleho ea metabolism ea sele.
Mohlala, mitochondria e bapala karolo tlhahisong ea ATP ka ho hema ha sele. Limolek'hule tse kang pyruvate li kena mitochondria ho tsoa cytosol bakeng sa ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lihlahisoa tsa lits'ebetso tsa maiketsetso ho endoplasmic reticulum kapa Golgi complex li ka isoa cytosol bakeng sa ho senyeha kapa ho fetoloa ho eketsehileng.
Ho phaella moo, cytosol e boetse e fana ka sebaka sa ho tsamaisa di-vesicle le dintho pakeng tsa di-organelles tsamaisong ya endomembrane, ho kenyeletswa le ho tsamaisa diprotheine tse tla ntshwa ka ntle ho sele, kapa ho iswa dibakeng tse fapaneng ka hara sele.
Potso ea 4: Hlalosa mekhoa ea ho tsamaisa ka har'a cytoplasm.
Puisano:
Ho tsamaisa ka har'a cytoplasm ho kenyelletsa mekhoa e rarahaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le ho tsamaisa ka mafolofolo le ka tsela e sa sebetseng. Ho tsamaisa ka tsela e sa sebetseng, joalo ka ho hasanya habonolo le ho hasanya ka tsela e nolofalitsoeng, ho lumella limolek'hule ho theoha ka tekanyo ea mahloriso ntle le tšebeliso ea matla.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho tsamaisa ka mafolofolo ho kenyelletsa motsamao oa limolek'hule khahlanong le gradient ea mahloriso, e hlokang matla, hangata ka sebopeho sa ATP. Mehlala ea mokhoa ona ke lipompo tsa ion tse teng ka har'a lera la sele tse nolofalletsang motsamao oa li-ion tse kang Na⁺ le K⁺, tse bohlokoa bakeng sa mesebetsi ea sele joalo ka phetisetso ea lets'oao la methapo.
Ho phaella moo, cytoskeleton, haholo-holo di-microfilament le di-microtubules, e bapala karolo ya bohlokwa ho tsamaiseng di-cytoplasm ka ho sebetsa e le "mebila ya terene" bakeng sa diprotheine tse tsamaisang di-engine tse kang kinesin le dynein. Sena se thusa ho tsamaiseng di-vesicular le kabo ya di-organelle ka hara sele.
Potso ea 5: Lintho tse kenyellelitsoeng ho cytoplasm ke eng, 'me u fane ka mohlala?
Puisano:
Lintho tse kenyellelitsoeng ka har'a cytoplasm ke mefuta e fapaneng ea lintho tse atisang ho ba polokelo ea nakoana, tse ka kenyelletsang limatlafatsi, lihlahisoa tse tsoang ho metabolism, kapa lintho tse etsang phagocytic tse lokelang ho ntšoa sele. Li fapane le li-organelle ka hore lintho tse kenyellelitsoeng ha se meaho e tlamiloeng ka lera.
Mehlala ea lintho tse kenyellelitsoeng liseleng e kenyelletsa li-granule tsa glycogen liseleng tsa sebete le mesifa, tse fanang ka mohloli o potlakileng oa matla, marotholi a lipid liseleng tsa mafura bakeng sa polokelo ea matla, le mebala e kang melanin liseleng tsa letlalo. Lintho tse kenyellelitsoeng li ka boela tsa kenyelletsa likristale tse nang le metsoako e sa pheleng liseleng tse ling tsa limela.
Qetello
Cytoplasm ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea lisele tse bapalang karolo e mengata. Ho utloisisa cytoplasm ke senotlolo sa ho tseba baeloji ea sele, kaha ha e sebetse feela e le sebaka sa likarabelo tse fapaneng tsa biochemical empa hape e tšehetsa likamano le puisano lipakeng tsa li-organelle tse fapaneng. Ho buisana ka lipotso tsena ho lebelletsoe ho fana ka temohisiso e eketsehileng le ho matlafatsa kutloisiso ea baithuti ka karolo ea bohlokoa ea cytoplasm mosebetsing oa sele.
