Mohlala oa Lipotso tsa Puisano ea X-ray
Li-X-ray, tse tsejoang haholo e le li-rontgen, ke theknoloji e fetohileng ka ho fetisisa meriana le indastering. Ho tloha ha li sibolloa ke Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen ka 1895, li-X-ray li butse fensetere e kholo bakeng sa bo-rasaense le litsebi tsa bongaka ho bona sebopeho sa ka hare sa lintho ntle le ho li senya. Leha ho le joalo, ho utloisisa melao-motheo ea tsona ea ts'ebetso le ts'ebeliso ho thata. Ka hona, sengoloa sena se tla tšohla mehlala ea mathata a amanang le li-X-ray ho thusa ho bontša hore na theknoloji ena e sebelisoa joang maemong a fapaneng.
Nalane le Melao-motheo ea Motheo ea X-Rays
Pele o fetela mathateng a mohlala, ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa lintho tsa motheo. Li-X-ray ke mofuta oa mahlaseli a motlakase a nang le bolelele bo bokhutšoanyane haholo, a a lumellang ho kenella linthong tse ngata tse fapaneng. Sena ke sona se etsang hore li-X-ray li khone ho bona lintho tse tiileng, joalo ka masapo 'meleng oa motho.
Molao-motheo oa mahlaseli a X o thehiloe tšebelisanong e teng pakeng tsa mahlaseli le lintho tse bonahalang. Ha mahlaseli a X a feta nthong, a mang a monngoa ha a mang a ntse a fetisoa. Lintho tse teteaneng, tse kang lesapo, li monya mahlaseli a X ho feta lisele tse bonolo, tse kang mesifa le letlalo. Phapang ena e etsa setšoantšo se re lumellang ho bona meaho ea ka hare.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 1: Ho Bala Tekanyo ea X-Ray
Soal
Mokuli o hlahlojoa ka X-ray ka tekanyo ea X-ray ea 0.03 Gray (Gy). Haeba matla ohle a monngoang ke 'mele oa mokuli ke 1.5 Joules (J), bala boima ba 'mele oa mokuli bo pepesehetseng mahlaseli a X.
Tharollo
Tekanyo ea mahlaseli (D) e ka baloa ho sebelisoa mokhoa ona:
\[ D = \frac{E}{m} \]
Hokae,
– \( D \) ke tekanyo ho Gy,
– \( E \) ke matla a monngoang ho Joules,
– \( m \) ke boima ka dikhilogram (kg).
Ho fumana boima ba 'mele (\( m \)), re ka fetola foromo e kaholimo ho:
\[ m = \frac{E}{D} \]
Kenya mekhoa e tsebahalang sebakeng sa eona:
\[ m = \frac{1.5 \text{ J}}{0.03 \text{ Gy}} \]
Hopola hore 1 Gy = 1 J/kg, joale:
\[ m = \frac{1.5}{0.03} \mongolo{ kg} \]
\[ m = 50 \mongolo{ kg} \]
Kahoo, boima ba 'mele ba mokuli ea pepesehetseng mahlaseli a X ke 50 kg.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 2: Tlhahlobo ea Lisele ho Sebelisa X-Rays
Soal
Setšoantšong sa X-ray, lesapo le bonahala le khanya ho feta lisele tse bonolo. Hlalosa hore na ke hobane'ng ha sena se etsahala moelelong oa kamoo mahlaseli a X a sebelisanang le mefuta e fapaneng ea lisele.
Tharollo
Li-X-ray li sebetsa ho latela phapang ea ho monya pakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea lisele. Lesapo le na le boima bo phahameng le palo ea athomo ho feta lisele tse bonolo joalo ka mesifa. Ka hona, lesapo le sebetsa hantle ho monya X-ray.
– Lesapo: Kaha le teteaneng 'me le na le likarolo tse nang le lipalo tse phahameng tsa athomo joalo ka calcium, lesapo le monya mahlaseli a mangata a X. Sena se fella ka mahlaseli a fokolang a X a fihlang filiming kapa setsing sa ho lemoha, e leng se fellang ka libaka tse khanyang setšoantšong.
– Dinama tse Bonolo: Dinama tse bonolo tse kang mesifa le letlalo di na le boima bo tlase le palo ya athomo. Ha di monye di-X-ray tse ngata, kahoo di-X-ray tse ngata di fetisetswa filiming kapa sesupong. Sena se etsa hore dibaka tsa dinama tse bonolo di bonahale di le lefifi setshwantshong.
Phapang ena ea 'mala kapa khanya e lumella ngaka kapa setsebi ho khetholla habonolo meaho e ka hare ho 'mele.
Mohlala oa 3: Ho Bala Bolelele ba Maqhubu a X-Rays
Soal
Haeba X-ray e na le matla a 124 keV (kilo-electronvolts), bala bolelele ba leqhubu la yona. Sebedisa foromo:
\[ E = \frac{hc}{\lambda} \]
Hokae,
– \( E \) ke matla (ka li-joule),
– \( h \) ke phetoho ya Planck, e leng \( 6.626 \times 10^{-34} \) J·s (metsotsoana ya joule),
– \( c \) ke lebelo la khanya, e leng \( 3 \makgetlo a 10^8 \) m/s (dimithara ka motsotsoana),
– \( \lambda \) ke bolelele ba leqhubu (ka limithara).
Tharollo
Fetola matla a pele ho tloha ho keV ho ea ho li-joule. 1 eV (electronvolt) = \( 1.602 \times 10^{-19} \) J, ebe:
\[ E = 124 \makgetlo a 10^3 \mongolo{ eV} = 124 \makgetlo a 10^3 \makgetlo a 1.602 \makgetlo a 10^{-19} \mongolo{ J} \]
\[ E = 1.985 \makgetlo a 10^{-14} \mongolo{ J} \]
Ka ho sebelisa foromo:
\[ \lambda = \frac{hc}{E} \]
Kenya mekhoa e tsebahalang sebakeng sa eona:
\[ \lambda = \frac{6.626 \times 10^{-34} \text{ J·s} \times 3 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}}{1.985 \times 10^{-14} \text{ J}} \]
Palo:
\[ \lambda = \frac{1.9878 \times 10^{-25}}{1.985 \times 10^{-14}} \text{m} \]
\[ \lambda \hoo e ka bang 1.002 \makgetlo a 10^{-11} \mongolo{m} \]
Kahoo, bolelele ba leqhubu la X-ray bo nang le matla a 124 keV bo ka ba limithara tse 1.002 ka makhetlo a 10^{-11} \) kapa 0.1002 nm (li-nanometer).
Mohlala oa Potso ea 4: Tšebeliso ea X-rays ho tsa Bongaka
Soal
Mokuli o fumanoa a robehile letsoho 'me o hloka x-ray. Haeba x-ray e sebelisoa ka motlakase oa tube oa 100 kV le motlakase oa 10 mA ka motsotsoana oa 0.1, ke bokae kakaretso ea tefiso e phallang ka tube?
Tharollo
Chelete ea tefiso (Q) e ka baloa ho sebelisoa foromo:
\[ Q = I \makgetlo a t \]
Hokae,
– \( Q \) ke tefiso yohle ka di-coulombs (C),
– \( I \) ke hona joale ka li-ampere (A),
– \(t \) ke nako ka metsotsoana (s).
Kenya mekhoa e tsebahalang sebakeng sa eona:
\[ I = 10 \mongolo{ mA} = 10 \makgetlo a 10^{-3} \mongolo{ A} = 0.01 \mongolo{ A} \]
\[t = 0.1 \mongolo{s} \]
\[ Q = 0.01 \mongolo{ A} \makgetlo a 0.1 \mongolo{ s} \]
\[ Q = 0.001 \mongolo{ C} \]
Kahoo, kakaretso ea tefiso e phallang ka har'a tube ke 0.001 coulombs.
Qetello
Bothata ba mohlala bo kaholimo bo bonts'a likarolo tse 'maloa tsa tekheniki tse sebetsang ts'ebelisong ea mahlaseli a X, ho kenyeletsoa le ho bala tekanyo, bolelele ba maqhubu, le tefiso eohle. Kahoo, ho utloisisa likhopolo tsa motheo le melao-motheo ea ts'ebetso ea mahlaseli a X ho ka sebelisoa ho rarolla mathata a rarahaneng le a itseng. Ho tseba boitsebiso bona ho bohlokoa bakeng sa setsebi leha e le sefe se sebetsang lefapheng la radiology, bongaka, kapa boenjiniere ba nyutlelie ho netefatsa ts'ebeliso e sireletsehileng le e sebetsang ea mahlaseli a X.
