Mehlala ea Lipotso le Puisano ea Thepa ea 'Mele le ea Lik'hemik'hale ea Li-hydrocarbon
Li-hydrocarbon ke metsoako ea lintho tse phelang e entsoeng ka liathomo tsa carbon (C) le hydrogen (H) feela. Thepa ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale ea li-hydrocarbon e bohlokoa haholo ho ithutoa, haholo-holo k'hemistri ea lintho tse phelang le indasteri ea petrochemical. Sehloohong sena, re tla tšohla mathata a fapaneng a mehlala le lipuisano tse amanang le thepa ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale ea li-hydrocarbon.
Matlotlo a 'Mele a Li-hydrocarbon
Thepa ea 'mele ea li-hydrocarbon e kenyelletsa ntlha ea ho belisa, ntlha ea ho qhibiliha, ho teteana le ho qhibiliha ka metsing. Mehlala ea lipotso le lipuisano tse amanang le thepa ea 'mele ea li-hydrocarbon ke ena:
Mohlala oa Potso ea 1
Potso: Bapisa lintlha tse belang tsa methane, ethane le propane. Hlalosa mabaka.
Puisano:
Methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), le propane (C₃H₈) ke mehlala ea li-alkanes tse nang le boima bo fapaneng ba limolek'hule. Lintlha tse belang tsa li-hydrocarbon tsena lia eketseha ha palo ea liathomo tsa khabone e ntse e eketseha.
– Methane e na le ntlha e tlaase ka ho fetisisa ea ho belisa hobane e na le athomo e le 'ngoe feela ea khabone.
– Ethane e na le ntlha e belang e phahameng ho feta methane empa e tlase ho feta propane hobane e na le liathomo tse peli tsa khabone.
– Propane e na le ntlha e belang e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ho tse tharo, hobane palo e kgolo ya diathomo tsa khabone e baka dikamano tse matla tsa van der Waals.
Kahoo, tatellano ea lintlha tse belang ho tloha tlase ho ea holimo ke: methane < ethane < propane. Mohlala Potso ea 2 Potso: Ke hobane'ng ha li-hydrocarbon li atisa ho se qhibilihe ka metsing? Puisano: Li-hydrocarbon hangata ha li na polar ka lebaka la litlamo tsa C-H tseo li nang le tsona. Metsi ke solvent ea polar. Ho ea ka molao-motheo oa "joalo ka ho qhibiliha joaloka," metsoako ea polar e qhala metsoako ea polar 'me metsoako e seng polar e qhala metsoako e seng polar. Hobane li-hydrocarbon ha li na polar, ha li qhibilihe ka metsing (e leng polar) empa li qhibiliha haholoanyane ka li-solvent tse seng polar tse kang ether le benzene. Litšobotsi tsa Lik'hemik'hale tsa Li-hydrocarbon Litšobotsi tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa li-hydrocarbon li kenyelletsa liketso tsa ho chesa, liketso tsa ho nkela sebaka, le liketso tsa ho eketsa. Tse latelang ke lipotso tsa mohlala le lipuisano tse amanang le litšobotsi tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa li-hydrocarbon: Mohlala Potso ea 3: Ngola equation bakeng sa karabelo e felletseng ea ho chesa bakeng sa butane (C₄H₁₀). Puisano: Ho chesa ka botlalo ha li-hydrocarbon ho etsahala ha li-hydrocarbon li arabela le oksijene (O₂) ho hlahisa carbon dioxide (CO₂) le metsi (H₂O). Tekanyo e phethahetseng ea karabelo ea ho tuka bakeng sa butane ke: \[ 2C₄H₁₀ + 13O₂ \rightarrow 8CO₂ + 10H₂O \] Mohlala Potso ea 4 Potso: Hlalosa phapang lipakeng tsa karabelo ea ho nkeloa sebaka le ea ho eketsa ka har'a li-hydrocarbon. Puisano: - Karabelo ea ho Nkela Sebaka: Karabelo ena hangata e hlaha ka har'a li-alkanes (liparafini) 'me e kenyelletsa ho nkeloa sebaka ha liathomo tsa haedrojene ka liathomo tse ling kapa lihlopha tsa liathomo tse kang li-halogen. Mohlala oa karabelo ea ho nkeloa sebaka ke halogenation ea methane:
\[ CH₄ + Cl₂ \motsu o nepahetseng CH₃Cl + HCl \] (ka leseli e le khasete) - Karabelo ea Tlatsetso: Karabelo ena hangata e hlaha ho li-alkenes le li-alkynes, moo limolek'hule tse nang le litlamo tse habeli (C=C) kapa tse tharo (C≡C) li bulang litlamo tsa tsona ho eketsa athomo e 'ngoe. Mohlala oa karabelo ea tlatsetso ke hydrogenation ea ethylene (ethene): \[ C₂H₄ + H₂ \motsu o nepahetseng C₂H₆ \] (ka khasete e kang Pt kapa Pd) Mohlala Potso ea 5 Potso: Sehlahisoa se seholo sa karabelo ea propene (C₃H₆) le bromine (Br₂) ke eng? Puisano: Propene (C₃H₆) ke alkene e nang le tlamo e habeli (C=C). Ha e kopana le bromine (Br₂), karabelo ea tlatsetso e etsahala moo tlamo e habeli e bulehang 'me athomo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea bromine e eketsa khabone eo pele e neng e e-na le tlamo e habeli. Tekanyo ea karabelo ke: \[ C₃H₆ + Br₂ \motsu o nepahetseng C₃H₆Br₂ \] Sehlahisoa se seholo ke 1,2-dibromopropane. Lipotso tsa Boitlhakiso Ho tebisa kutloisiso ea hau ea thepa ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale ea li-hydrocarbon, tsena ke lipotso tse ling tsa boikoetliso tseo u ka li etsang: Boitlhakiso Potso ea 1: Beha lintlha tsa ho qhibiliha tsa isobutane, n-butane, le neopentane maemong a tsona. Potso ea Boitlhakiso ea 2 Potso: Ngola equation bakeng sa ho cha ho sa fellang ha pentane (C₅H₁₂) 'me u bolele lihlahisoa tsa ho cha. Potso ea Boitlhakiso ea 3 Potso: Hlalosa karabelo pakeng tsa ethylene (C₂H₄) le hydrobromic acid (HBr). Bolela sehlahisoa sa ho qetela. Potso ea Boitlhakiso ea 4 Potso: Bolela sehlahisoa se tla etsoa ha propane (C₃H₈) e arajoa ka chlorine (Cl₂) tlas'a khanya ea UV. Malebela a ho Araba Lipotso: 1. Utloisisa Mofuta oa Karabelo: Fumana hore na karabelo e kenyelletsa ho cha, ho nkeloa sebaka, kapa ho eketsa. 2. Ngola Equation ea Karabelo: Etsa equation ea karabelo ka stoichiometry e nepahetseng. Etsa bonnete ba hore liathomo tsohle li leka-lekane mahlakoreng ka bobeli a equation. 3. Hlahloba Litšobotsi tsa 'Mele: Sebelisa tlhahisoleseling mabapi le lintlha tse belang, lintlha tse qhibilihang, le litšobotsi tsa ho qhibiliha ho araba lipotso tse amanang le thepa ea 'mele. 4. Khopolo ea Polarity: Hopola hore li-hydrocarbon ha li polar, kahoo mabapi le ho qhibiliha, ha li qhibilihe ka har'a li-solvent tsa polar joalo ka metsi. --- Qetello Ho ithuta ka litšobotsi tsa 'mele le tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa li-hydrocarbon ho bohlokoa ho utloisiseng boitšoaro ba lik'hemik'hale tsa metsoako ena. Ka mehlala e kaholimo, re ka bona likhopolo tse fapaneng tse thehiloeng holim'a liketso le litšobotsi tsa li-hydrocarbon. Kutloisiso e ntle ea sehlooho sena ha e thuse feela lithutong tsa thuto empa hape e bohlokoa liindastering tse sebelisang lihlahisoa tsa hydrocarbon haholo. Mahlohonolo a ho ikoetlisa 'me ke tšepa hore sengoloa sena se tla thusa!