Mehlala ea Lipotso le Lipuisano mabapi le Likarabelo tsa Redox
Selelekela sa Likarabelo tsa Redox
Karabelo ea redox (reduction-oxidation) ke karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale eo ho eona lielektrone li fetisetsoang lipakeng tsa mefuta e 'meli ea lik'hemik'hale. Karabelo ena e kenyelletsa phetoho palong ea oxidation ea liathomo ka har'a molek'hule, ion, kapa motsoako. Lentsoe "redox" le tsoa likhopolong tse peli: phokotso le oxidation. Phokotso ke ts'ebetso eo ho eona ntho e fokotsehang palong ea oxidation ka ho fumana lielektrone. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, oxidation ke ts'ebetso eo ho eona ntho e eketsang palo ea oxidation ka ho lahleheloa ke lielektrone.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 1: Ho Khetholla Likarabelo tsa Redox
Potso ea 1: Fumana palo ea oxidation ea karolo ka 'ngoe karabelong e latelang 'me u khetholle hore na ke efe e oxidated le hore na ke efe e fokolitsoeng.
\[ \text{Zn} + \text{Cu}^{2+} \rightarrow \text{Zn}^{2+} + \text{Cu} \]
Puisano:
1. Fumana nomoro ea oxidation:
– Zn (Zinc) ka sebopeho sa tšepe (Zn) e na le palo ea oxidation ea 0.
– Cu²⁺ (Ione ea koporo) e na le palo ea oxidation ea +2.
– Zn²⁺ (ione ea zinki) e na le palo ea oxidation ea +2.
– Cu (Koporo) ka sebopeho sa ntho ea tšepe e na le palo ea oxidation ea 0.
2. Hlalosa diphetoho dinomorong tsa oxidation:
– Zn e fetoha ho tloha ho 0 ho ea ho +2, ho bolelang hore Zn e ba le keketseho ea palo ea oxidation, kahoo Zn e ba le oxidation.
– Cu²⁺ e fetoha ho tloha ho +2 ho ea ho 0, ho bolelang hore Cu²⁺ e ba le phokotseho ea palo ea oxidation, kahoo Cu²⁺ e ba le phokotseho.
Kahoo, karabelo e ka hodimo ke karabelo ya redox moo Zn e fetang oxidation mme Cu²⁺ e fokotseha.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 2: Ho Leka-lekanya Likarabelo tsa Redox
Potso ea 2: Leka-lekanya liketso tse latelang tsa redox u sebelisa mokhoa oa karabelo ea halofo.
\[ \text{MnO}_4^- + \text{Fe}^{2+} \rightarrow \text{Mn}^{2+} + \text{Fe}^{3+} \]
Puisano:
1. Arola karabelo ka likarolo tse peli tsa halofo:
– Ho ntša oksijene:
\[ \text{Fe}^{2+} \rightarrow \text{Fe}^{3+} \]
– Phokotso:
\[ \text{MnO}_4^- \rightarrow \text{Mn}^{2+} \]
2. Leka-lekanya karabelo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea halofo bakeng sa liathomo tse ling ntle le oksijene le haeterojene:
– Ho ntsha oksijene (Fe):
\[ \text{Fe}^{2+} \rightarrow \text{Fe}^{3+} \]
– Phokotso (Mn):
\[ \text{MnO}_4^- \rightarrow \text{Mn}^{2+} \]
3. Leka-lekanya liathomo tsa oksijene ka ho eketsa H₂O:
– Phokotso:
\[ \text{MnO}_4^- \rightarrow \text{Mn}^{2+} + 4 \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
4. Leka-lekanya liathomo tsa haeterojene ka ho eketsa H⁺:
– Phokotso:
\[ \text{MnO}_4^- + 8 \text{H}^+ \rightarrow \text{Mn}^{2+} + 4 \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
5. Leka-lekanya tefiso ka ho eketsa dielektrone:
– Ho ntsha oksijene (Fe):
\[ \text{Fe}^{2+} \rightarrow \text{Fe}^{3+} + \text{e}^- \]
– Phokotso (Mn):
\[ \text{MnO}_4^- + 8 \text{H}^+ + 5 \text{e}^- \rightarrow \text{Mn}^{2+} + 4 \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
6. Lekanya palo ea lielektrone likarabelong tse peli tsa halofo ka ho atisa likarabelo tsa halofo e le hore palo ea lielektrone tse lahlehileng le tse fumanoeng e tšoane:
– Ho ntsha oksijene (makhetlo a 5):
\[ 5 \text{Fe}^{2+} \rightarrow 5 \text{Fe}^{3+} + 5 \text{e}^- \]
– Phokotso:
\[ \text{MnO}_4^- + 8 \text{H}^+ + 5 \text{e}^- \rightarrow \text{Mn}^{2+} + 4 \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
7. Kenya likarabelo tse peli tse halofo:
\[ 5 \text{Fe}^{2+} + \text{MnO}_4^- + 8 \text{H}^+ \rightarrow 5 \text{Fe}^{3+} + \text{Mn}^{2+} + 4 \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
8. Hlahloba ho leka-lekana ha liathomo le litefiso:
– Liathomo tsa Fe: 5 ka letsohong le letšehali le 5 ka letsohong le letona, li lekana.
– Athomo ea Mn: 1 mahlakoreng ka bobeli, e lekana.
– Liathomo tsa O: 4 mahlakoreng ka bobeli, li lekana.
– Liathomo tsa H: tse 8 ka lehlakoreng le leng, tse 8 ka lehlakoreng le leng, li lekana.
– Tefiso: 5(+2) + (-1) + 8(+1) = 10 + 8 – 1 = 17 ka letsohong le letšehali le 5(+3) + 2 = 15 + 2 =17 ka letsohong le letona, e lekanang.
Karabelo e lekanang:
\[ 5 \text{Fe}^{2+} + \text{MnO}_4^- + 8 \text{H}^+ \rightarrow 5 \text{Fe}^{3+} + \text{Mn}^{2+} + 4 \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
Mohlala oa Potso ea 3: Likarabelo tsa Redox Bophelong ba Letsatsi le Letsatsi
Potso ea 3: Hlalosa kamoo liketso tsa redox li bapalang karolo kateng lits'ebetsong tsa metabolism ea batho.
Puisano:
Likarabelo tsa Redox li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa metabolism ea motho, haholo-holo phefumoloho ea sele. Ho hema ha sele ke mokhoa oo lisele 'meleng ea rona li hlahisang matla ka mokhoa oa ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ka ho qhaqha tsoekere le limolek'hule tse ling tsa tlhaho. Ts'ebetso ena e na le letoto la mehato e kenyeletsang liketso tsa redox.
1. Glycolysis:
Mokhahlelong ona wa pele, glucose e arolwa ho ba dimolekhule tse pedi tsa pyruvate. Nakong ya tshebetso ena, NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) e fokotswa ho ba NADH ka ho amohela dielektrone tse lokollotsweng glucose.
2. Potoloho ea Krebs (Potoloho ea Citric Acid):
Mothating ona, pyruvate e fetoloa ho ba acetyl CoA, e ntan'o kena potolohong ea Krebs. Ho pholletsa le potoloho, NAD⁺ e eketsehileng le FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) li fokotsoa ho ba NADH le FADH₂ ka liketso tsa redox, ha li ntse li hlahisa limolek'hule tsa ATP.
3. Tsamaiso ea Elektrone:
NADH le FADH₂ tse hlahang li sebelisoa ketane ea lipalangoang tsa lielektrone ka har'a mitochondria. Lielektrone tse tsamaisoang ke NADH le FADH₂ li fetisetsoa ka letoto la liprotheine tse amohelang lielektrone. Qetellong, lielektrone tsena li sebelisoa ho fokotsa oksijene metsing. Ts'ebetso ena e hlahisa gradient ea proton eo ATP synthase e e sebelisang ho hlahisa ATP.
Ka letoto lena la dikarabelo, matla a bolokilweng dibofong tsa dikhemikhale tsa dimolek'hule tsa dijo a fetoha mofuta wa matla a ka sebediswang ke disele tsa mmele. Mokgahlelo ka mong o hloka karabelo ya redox ho tswela pele ka tshebetso ya matla.
Qetello
Likarabelo tsa Redox li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa maemong a thuto le lits'ebetsong tse sebetsang bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka ho utloisisa mohopolo oa likarabelo tsa redox le mokhoa oa ho li leka-lekanya, re ka bona ts'ebeliso ea tsona liketsahalong tse fapaneng tsa tlhaho le mahlaleng, ho tloha liketsong tsa metabolism 'meleng ea rona ho ea indastering ea lik'hemik'hale. Re tšepa hore mehlala ea lipotso le lipuisano tse kaholimo li tla re thusa ho utloisisa le ho sebelisa mohopolo oa likarabelo tsa redox mafapheng a fapaneng a lik'hemik'hale.
