Lipotso le Puisano ea Mohlala oa Polymer
I. Selelekela
Li-polymer ke metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale e nang le meaho e meholo ea limolek'hule e entsoeng ka li-unit tse nyenyane tse pheta-phetoang tse bitsoang li-monomers. Li-polymer li ka fumanoa ka mefuta e fapaneng 'me li sebelisoa likarolong tse ngata tsa bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi, ho tloha polasetiking le rabara ho ea liprotheineng le DNA 'meleng oa motho. Sehloohong sena, re tla hlahloba mehlala e 'maloa ea mathata mabapi le li-polymer le ho fana ka litharollo bakeng sa bothata bo bong le bo bong ho thusa ho utloisisa mohopolo ona o rarahaneng.
II. Mehopolo ea Motheo ea Li-polymer
Pele re kena puisanong ea lipotso, ho na le likhopolo tse 'maloa tsa motheo tse lokelang ho utloisisoa:
1. Li-monomer le Polymerization: Li-monomer ke li-unit tsa motheo tse etsang li-polymer ka mokhoa oa polymerization. Ho na le mefuta e 'meli e meholo ea polymerization: ho eketsa le ho kolobisa.
2. Sebopeho sa Polymer: Polymer e ka ba mola o otlolohileng, o nang le makala, kapa o hokahaneng.
3. Mefuta ea Li-polymer: Li-thermoplastic, li-thermoset, le li-elastomer, tseo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tsona e nang le litšobotsi tse fapaneng tsa 'mele le tsa mocheso.
III. Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano
Potso ea 1: Hlalosa phapang pakeng tsa ho eketsa le ho kopanya polymerization, 'me u fane ka mohlala o le mong oa e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe.
Puisano:
– Ho eketsa polymerization: Ts'ebetso eo ho yona di-monomer tse nang le dibopeho tse pedi di kopanang ntle le ho thehwa ha molek'hule e nyane. Mohlala ke ho thehwa ha polyethylene ho tswa ho di-monomer tsa ethylene.
– Ho kopanya polymer: Ts'ebetso eo ho yona di-monomer di kopanang ka ho tlosa molek'hule e nyane jwalo ka metsi kapa methanol. Mohlala wa ho kopanya polymer ke ho thehwa ha nylon ho tswa ho adipic acid le hexamethylenediamine, moo metsi e leng molek'hule e nyane e tloswang.
Potso ea 2: Li-polymer tsa thermoplastic le thermoset ke eng? Fana ka mehlala.
Puisano:
– Li-polymer tsa Thermoplastic: Li-polymer tse nolofatsang ha li futhumatsoa le ho thatafala ha li pholile. Sena se li lumella ho bōptjoa bocha ka makhetlo a mangata. Mehlala e kenyelletsa polyethylene, polystyrene le PVC.
– Li-polymer tsa thermosetting: Li-polymer tseo, hang ha li se li entsoe, li ke keng tsa qhibilihisoa hape. Sena se bakoa ke boteng ba litlamo tse hokahaneng tse sa feleng. Mehlala e kenyelletsa Bakelite le epoxy.
Potso ea 3: Polymer e na le ketane e otlolohileng ea khabone e nang le liathomo tsa chlorine tse nkeloang sebaka ketane e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea khabone. Hlalosa polymer 'me u hlalose hore na thepa ea eona ea 'mele e bapisoa joang le ea polyethylene.
Puisano:
Polima e hlalositsoeng ke polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PVC e entsoe ka vinyl chloride, 'me lintho tse nkeloang sebaka ke chlorine li etsa hore e be thata le e hanelang oli le lik'hemik'hale ho feta polyethylene. Sena se boetse se etsa hore PVC e hane le malakabe le ho ba boima ho feta polyethylene ka lebaka la liathomo tse boima tsa chlorine.
Potso ea 4: Li-polymer tsa tlhaho tse kang rabara (li-elastomer) li ka feta ho vulcanization. Hlalosa ts'ebetso ea vulcanization le phello ea eona litšobotsing tsa 'mele tsa rabara.
Puisano:
Ho qhibilihisa rabara ke mokhoa oa ho futhumatsa rabara ka sebabole. Sena se etsa likhokahano lipakeng tsa liketane tsa polymer, se etsa hore rabara e tenyetsehe haholoanyane, e be matla le ho hanela liphetoho tsa mocheso. Mokhoa ona o eketsa ho hanyetsa ho khoholeha le ho tsofala, o etsa hore rabara e tšoarelle haholoanyane bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa indasteri tse kang mabili a likoloi.
Potso ea 5: Bala palo ea li-unit tse pheta-phetoang (tekanyo ea polymerization) bakeng sa polyethylene e nang le boima ba limolek'hule bo tloaelehileng ba 28.000 g/mol. Boima ba limolek'hule tsa ethylene monomer ke 28 g/mol.
Puisano:
Tekanyo ea polymerization (n) e ka baloa ho sebelisoa foromo:
\[ n = \frac{\text{Boima ba limolek'hule ba polymer}}{\text{Boima ba limolek'hule ba monomer}} \]
\[ n = \frac{28000 \, \text{g/mol}}{28 \, \text{g/mol}} = 1000 \]
Kahoo, polymer e na le diyuniti tse ka bang 1000 tse pheta-phetoang.
IV. Qetello
Lipuisano mabapi le li-polymer li ka akaretsa lihlooho tse fapaneng, ho tloha sebopehong le mefuta ea tsona ea mantlha ho isa ho thepa ea tsona ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale le ts'ebeliso bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka lipotso le lipuisano, ho ka fihleloa qeto ea hore li-polymer ke lik'hemik'hale tse rarahaneng tse bapalang karolo ea bohlokoa liindastering tse fapaneng le baeloji. Ka kutloisiso e tebileng ea thepa ea tsona le lits'ebetso tsa ho theha, re ka utloisisa hamolemo mokhoa oa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebeliso ea tsona lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa theknoloji le saense. Li-polymer li ntse li tsoela pele ho ba sebaka se mafolofolo sa lipatlisiso bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea thepa e betere le e mosa haholoanyane tikolohong.
