Mehlala ea Lipotso tse Buisanang ka Lefa la Litšobotsi
Lefa ke e 'ngoe ea lihlooho tse khahlisang ka ho fetisisa liphatsa tsa lefutso, e leng se ithutang kamoo litšobotsi tse itseng li fetisetsoang kateng ho tloha molokong o mong ho ea ho o mong. Ho utloisisa lefa ho re thusa ho utloisisa lits'ebetso tsa baeloji tse bakang phapang linthong tse phelang. Sehloohong sena, re tla tšohla mehlala e 'maloa ea mathata a amanang le lefa le ho buisana ka litharollo tsa ona.
Selelekela sa Lefa la Litšobotsi
Pele re kena lipotsong tsa mohlala, ha re buisaneng ka bokhutšoanyane ka mohopolo oa motheo oa lefa. Lefa le amana haufi-ufi le DNA, liphatsa tsa lefutso le li-chromosome. Liphatsa tsa lefutso ke likarolo tsa motheo tsa lefa tse laolang litšobotsi tse fapaneng linthong tse phelang. Lintho tse phelang li rua liphatsa tsa lefutso ho batsoali ba tsona, li fumana halofo ho ntate oa tsona le halofo ho 'm'a tsona.
Gregor Mendel, ea nkoang e le ntate oa liphatsa tsa lefutso, o ile a sibolla melao-motheo ea motheo ea lefa ka ho ithuta lierekisi. Melao e tsebahalang haholo ea Mendel ke Molao oa Karohano le Molao oa Mefuta e Ikemetseng, e hlalosang kamoo liphatsa tsa lefutso li aroloang le ho hlophisoa kateng nakong ea ho thehoa ha gamete.
Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano
Ho utloisisa hamolemo lefa la litšobotsi, ha re shebeng mehlala e meng ea lipotso le lipuisano tsa tsona.
Potso ea 1: Lefa la Monohybrid
Potso:
Semela se nang le lipalesa tse pherese (se ka sehloohong) se kopanngoa le semela se nang le lipalesa tse tšoeu (se ka morao). Palesa e pherese e ka sehloohong e khetholloa ka allele "U" 'me palesa e tšoeu ke allele "u". Haeba semela se pherese se le heterozygous, mofuta oa mofuta le genotype ea bana e tla ba eng?
Puisano:
1. Tlhahlobo ea Genotype:
– Limela tse nang le lipalesa tse pherese (heterozygous) li na le mofuta oa genotype "Uu".
– Limela tse nang le lipalesa tse tšoeu li na le mofuta oa genotype "uu".
2. Ho tsoala mefuta e fapaneng ea liphoofolo:
Re sebelisa tafole ea Punnett ho fumana mefuta e ka bang teng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa bana.
| | uena | uena |
|——|—-|—-|
| U | Uu | Uu |
| u | uu | uu | uu
3. Liphetho tsa Genotype:
– 50% Uu (palesa e pherese)
– 50% uu (lipalesa tse tšoeu)
4. Liphetho tsa Phenotype:
– 50% ea bana ba na le pherese e pherese
– 50% ea bana ba na le mofuta o mosoeu
Ka hona, ha semela se nang le lipalesa tse pherese tse nang le heterozygous se kopanngoa le semela se nang le lipalesa tse tšoeu, bana ba tla ba le karolelano ea phenotypic ea 1:1 ea lipalesa tse pherese le tse tšoeu.
Potso ea 2: Lefa la Dihybrid
Potso:
Limeleng tsa pea, sebopeho sa peo e chitja (R) se laola peo e sosobaneng (r) mme mmala o mosehla wa peo (Y) o laola peo e tala (y). Haeba semela se nang le genotype RrYy se kopanngwa le semela se nang le genotype e tshwanang, karolelano ya phenotype ya bana ba hlahang e tla ba efe?
Puisano:
1. Tlhahlobo ea Genotype:
– Limela ka bobeli li na le mofuta oa genotype RrYy.
2. Ho Tšela U Sebelisa Tafole ea Punnett:
Mokhahlelo o ka hodimo o amana le dibopeho tse pedi, kahoo re tlameha ho aha tafole ya Punnett moo semela se seng le se seng se ka hlahisang metswako e latelang ya gamete: RY, Ry, rY, ry.
3. Sebopeho sa Tafole ea Punnett:
| RY | Ry | ry | ry |
|——-|——|——|——|——|
| RY | RRY | Rry | Rry | Rry | Rry |
| Ry | RRY | Rry | Rry | Rry | Rry |
| rY | RrY | Rry | rY | rry |
| rry | rry | rry | rry | rry |
4. Liphetho tsa Phenotype:
Ho latela tafole e ka holimo, re ka bala karolelano ea phenotype:
– Peo tse chitja tse 9/16 tse mosehla (RRYY, RRYy, RrYY, RrYy)
– Peo e chitja e tala ea 3/16 (RRyy, Rryy)
– 3/16 peo e sosobaneng e mosehla (rrYY, rrYy)
– 1/16 peo e tala e sosobaneng (rryy)
Karolelano ea phenotype ea sefapano sa RrYy x RrYy ke 9:3:3:1.
Potso ea 3: Lefa ka Lintlha tsa Bong
Potso:
Bofofu ba 'mala (bofofu ba 'mala) ke tšobotsi e feteletseng e amanang le chromosome ea X. Haeba 'mè e le mojari oa bofofu ba 'mala (X^NX^n) 'me ntate a tloaelehile (X^NY), ke karolo efe ea bara ba bona e ka 'nang ea se ke ea e-ba le bofofu ba 'mala?
Puisano:
1. Tlhahlobo ea Genotype:
– Mme ke mojari wa (X^NX^n).
– Ntate ea tloaelehileng (X^NY).
2. Ho tsoala mefuta e fapaneng ea liphoofolo:
\[ \text{ Metswako e ka bang teng ke ena:} \]
– Banana: X^NX^N (e tloaelehileng) kapa X^NX^n (mojari)
– Bashanyana: X^NY (e tloaelehileng) kapa X^nY (e sa boneng 'mala)
3. Liphetho:
– Bashanyana: 50% ba tloaelehile, 50% ba foufetse ka 'mala.
– Banana: 50% e tloaelehileng, 50% bajari.
Ka hona, bashanyana ba na le monyetla oa 50% oa ho ba le bofofu ba 'mala.
Qetello
Puisano ena ea litaba tsa lefa e fana ka temohisiso ea hore na liphatsa tsa lefutso li fetisetsoa joang ho tloha ho batsoali ho ea ho bana le hore na phapang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e etsahala joang. Sena ha se bohlokoa feela bakeng sa ho utloisisa baeloji ea motheo empa hape se na le lits'ebetso tse sebetsang temong, bongaka le theknoloji ea baeloji. Ka ho ikoetlisa le kutloisiso ea melao-motheo ea motheo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, re ka bolela esale pele hamolemo liphello tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea lifapano tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho utloisisa matla a rarahaneng a bophelo bo re potileng.
