Mehlala ea Lipotso le Puisano ea Liphetoho tsa Tekano
Liphetoho tsa tekatekano ke taba ea bohlokoa k'hemistri, haholo-holo thutong ea tekatekano ea lik'hemik'hale. Molao-motheo o ka sehloohong o hlalosang liphetoho tsa tekatekano ke Molao-motheo oa Le Chatelier, o reng: "Haeba tsamaiso e leka-lekaneng e fetoha (khatello ea maikutlo), tsamaiso e tla ikamahanya le maemo ho fokotsa phello ea phetoho le ho fihlela boemo bo bocha ba tekatekano."
Sehloohong sena, re tla buisana ka mehlala e meng ea lipotso le lipuisano mabapi le liphetoho tsa tekano ho thusa ho utloisisa mohopolo ona ka botebo.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 1: Phetoho Tekanong ea Khatello
Potso:
Khase ea naetrojene ea tetroxide (N2O4) e senyeha hape ho ba naetrojene dioxide (NO2) ho latela equation ea karabelo:
\[ \text{N}_2\text{O}_4\text{(g)} \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NO}_2\text{(g)} \]
Mochesong o itseng, karabelo ena e ba ho tekatekano. Haeba kgatello yohle ya sistimi e eketseha, tekatekano e tla fetohela lehlakoreng lefe?
Puisano:
Ho ya ka Molao-motheo wa Le Chatelier, haeba kgatello tsamaisong e leka-lekaneng e eketseha, teka-tekano e tla fetohela lehlakoreng le nang le dimolek'hule tse fokolang tsa khase ho fokotsa phetoho kgatellong.
Karabelong e fanoeng:
\[ \text{N}_2\text{O}_4\text{(g)} \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NO}_2\text{(g)} \]
Ka lehlakoreng le letšehali (li-reactant), ho na le mole e le 'ngoe ea khase (N2O4), 'me ka lehlakoreng le letona (lihlahisoa) ho na le mole tse peli tsa khase (NO2).
Ha kgatello e eketseha, tekano e tla fetohela ka letsohong le letshehadi (ho ya ho N2O4) e nang le dimolek'hule tse fokolang tsa kgase ho fokotsa kgatello.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 2: Phetoho Tekanong ea Mocheso
Potso:
Nahana ka karabelo e latelang:
\[ \text{2NO}_2\text{(g)} \rightleftharpoons \text{N}_2\text{O}_4\text{(g)} + \text{Heat} \]
Na tekatekano e tla fetohela ka ho le letona kapa ka ho le letshehadi haeba mocheso o eketsehile?
Puisano:
Karabelo e ka hodimo ke exothermic, ho bolelang hore mocheso o lokollwa ha karabelo e tswela pele ho thehwa ha N2O4 (sehlahiswa). Ho ya ka Molaotheo wa Le Chatelier, haeba mocheso wa sistimi o eketseha, tekatekano e tla fetoha ka lehlakoreng le monyang mocheso ho fokotsa phetoho ya mocheso (ka lehlakoreng la endothermic).
Tabeng ena, ha mocheso o ntse o eketseha, tekano e tla fetohela ka letsohong le letšehali, ho ea ho NO2 (reactant), hobane ho fetoha ha karabelo ho monya mocheso.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 3: Phetoho Tekanong ea Mahloriso
Potso:
Ka lebaka la karabelo e latelang ea tekano:
\[ \text{H}_2\text{(g)} + \text{I}_2\text{(g)} \rightleftharpoons 2\text{HI}\text{(g)} \]
Ho etsahala'ng ka tekano haeba re eketsa H2 e eketsehileng tsamaisong?
Puisano:
Ho ea ka Molao-motheo oa Le Chatelier, haeba khatello ea e 'ngoe ea li-reactant e eketseha, tekano e tla fetohela lehlakoreng le fokotsang phetoho, e leng ho ea lihlahisoa.
Tabeng ena, keketseho ea H2 e tla etsa hore tekano e fetohele ka ho le letona, ho ea ho thehoeng ha HI e eketsehileng.
Mohlala Potso ea 4: Phello ea ho Eketsa Catalyst ho Tekano
Potso:
Ho eketsoa ha catalyst ho ama boemo ba tekano joang karabelong e latelang ea tekano?
\[ \text{2SO}_2\text{(g)} + \text{O}_2\text{(g)} \rightleftharpoons 2\text{SO}_3\text{(g)} \]
Puisano:
Li-catalyst li eketsa sekhahla sa karabelo ea liketso tsa pele le tsa morao ka ho fokotsa matla a ts'ebetso. Leha ho le joalo, li-catalyst ha li ame boemo ba tekano; li thusa feela sistimi ho fihlela tekano kapele. Ka hona, ho eketsa catalyst ho ke ke ha fetola boemo ba tekano.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 5: Tekano Tharollong
Potso:
Ka lebaka la karabelo ea ionization ea HF e fokolang ka metsing:
\[ \text{HF(aq)} \rightleftharpoons \text{H}^+\text{(aq)} + \text{F}^-\text{(aq)} \]
Ho etsahala'ng ka boemo ba tekano haeba ligrama tse 'maloa tsa NaF (e fetotsoeng ka botlalo ho Na+ le F-) li eketsoa tharollong ea HF?
Puisano:
Ho eketsoa ha NaF ho tla eketsa mahloriso a F-ions ka har'a tharollo. Ho ea ka Molao-motheo oa Le Chatelier, ho eketsa mahloriso a sehlahisoa (F-) ho tla etsa hore tekano e fetohele ka letsohong le letšehali (e leng se lebisang ho thehoeng ha HF) ho fokotsa phetoho.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 6: Tekano le pH
Potso:
Ka lebaka la karabelo e latelang ea tekano:
\[ \text{CO}_2\text{(g)} + \text{H}_2\text{O(l)} \rightleftharpoons \text{H}_2\text{CO}_3\text{(aq)} \]
Phetoho ea pH ea tharollo e ama tekano joang?
Puisano:
Ho kenngoa ha H2CO3 ka metsing ho hlahisa li-ion tsa H+ le li-ion tsa bicarbonate (HCO3-):
\[ \text{H}_2\text{CO}_3\text{(aq)} \rightleftharpoons \text{H}^+\text{(aq)} + \text{HCO}_3^-\text{(aq)} \]
Haeba pH ea tharollo e fokotseha (e leng asiti e ngata / keketseho ho H +), ho leka-lekana ha metsi ha CO2 ho ea ho H2CO3 ho tla fetohela ho phokotsong ea li-ion tsa H +, ke hore, ho ea ho li-reactant (CO2 le H2O). Haeba pH e eketseha (e leng ea motheo / phokotso ho H +), ho leka-lekana ho tla fetohela ho lihlahisoa (H2CO3) tse hlahisang H + e ngata ho lefella phetoho.
Puisano ena yohle ya tekatekano ya dikhemikhale e tla bontsha kamoo diphetoho kgatellong, mochesong, mahlorisong, ho eketswa ha di-catalyst, le maemo a tharollo di amang boemo ba tekatekano, ho latela Molaomotheo wa Le Chatelier. Ho utlwisisa molaomotheo ona ho bohlokwa mefuteng e mengata ya dikopo tsa dikhemikhale, ho tloha indastering ho ya dipatlisisong tsa laboratori.
Ka ho utloisisa molao-motheo oa tekano le lipotso tse fapaneng tsa mehlala le litlhaloso, ho lebeletsoe hore o tsebe ho tseba le ho sekaseka maemo a 'nete a amanang le likarabelo tsa tekano hamolemo maemong a thuto le a sebetsang!
