Mohlala oa Potso ea Puisano ea Reagent e Fokotsang
Pendahuluan
K'hemistri, e 'ngoe ea likhopolo tsa motheo tse atisang ho tšohloa ke reagent e fokotsang. Reagent e fokotsang ke karolo karabelong ea lik'hemik'hale e tla sebelisoa pele, kahoo, e fumana hore na sehlahisoa se ka hlahisoa ke bokae. Ho utloisisa reagent e fokotsang ho bohlokoa hobane ho re thusa ho bolela esale pele sephetho sa liketso tsa lik'hemik'hale le katleho ea tšebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale indastering kapa laboratoring.
Khopolo ea ho Lekanya Reagent
Ka mantsoe a sebetsang, reagent e fokotsang e ka bontšoa ka papiso. A re re re batla ho etsa li-sandwich ka metsoako e 'meli e meholo: bohobe le nama. Haeba re na le lilae tse 10 tsa bohobe empa re na le lilae tse 3 feela tsa nama, re ka etsa li-sandwich tse 3 ho isa ho tse 3. Tabeng ena, nama ke motsoako o fokotsang, leha ho ntse ho setse bohobe bo bong.
Moelelong oa k'hemistri, khopolo e tšoanang ea sebetsa. Ha li-reactant tse peli kapa ho feta li arabela, e 'ngoe ea tsona e tla fela pele, e fokotsa bongata ba sehlahisoa se ka thehoang. Ebe reactant ena e bitsoa reagent e fokotsang.
Ho Khetholla Reactant e Fokotsang Karabelong ea Lik'hemik'hale
Ho khetholla reactant e fokotsang karabelong ea lik'hemik'hale, re ka sebelisa mehato e latelang:
1. Ngola 'me u lekanyetse equation ea lik'hemik'hale bakeng sa karabelo.
2. Bala palo ea li-moles tsa reactant e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e fumanehang.
3. Sebelisa stoichiometry (karolelano ea mole) ea equation e leka-lekaneng ho fumana hore na sehlahisoa se hlahisitsoeng ke reactant ka 'ngoe se se se felile ka botlalo.
4. Hlalosa reactant e hlahisang sehlahisoa se senyenyane ka ho fetisisa. Rectant ena ke reactant e fokotsang.
Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano
Potso ea 1
Ka lebaka la karabelo e latelang:
\[ 2 \mongolo{H}_2 + \mongolo{O}_2 \motsu o nepahetseng 2 \mongolo{H}_2\mongolo{O} \]
Haeba re qala karabelo ka li-mole tse 5 tsa H₂ le li-mole tse 2 tsa O₂, fumana reagent e fokotsang le hore na ho tla hlahisoa li-mole tse kae tsa H₂O.
Puisano:
1. Ngola le ho leka-lekanya di-equation tsa dikhemikhale:
\[ 2 \mongolo{H}_2 + \mongolo{O}_2 \motsu o nepahetseng 2 \mongolo{H}_2\mongolo{O} \]
2. Bala palo ea li-moles tsa reactant ka 'ngoe:
– \( \mongolo{H}_2 \) = 5 mol
– \( \text{O}_2 \) = 2 mol
3. Sebelisa stoichiometry ho fumana hore na sehlahisoa se ka hlahisoa ke reactant ka 'ngoe ke bokae:
– Ho tloha ho 5 mol H₂:
\[ \text{Bongata ba H₂O bo ka bopjwang} = 5 \text{ mol H}_2 \times \frac{2 \text{ mol H}_2\text{O}}{2 \text{ mol H}_2} = 5 \text{ mol H}_2\text{O} \]
– Ho tloha ho limole tse 2 tsa O₂:
\[ \text{Bongata ba H₂O bo ka bopjwang} = 2 \text{ mol O}_2 \times \frac{2 \text{ mol H}_2\text{O}}{1 \text{ mol O}_2} = 4 \text{ mol H}_2\text{O} \]
4. Sesebediswa se hlahisang sehlahisoa se senyenyane ka ho fetisisa ke \( \text{O}_2 \). Kahoo, \( \text{O}_2 \) ke sesebediswa se fokotsang, mme bongata ba H₂O bo ka hlahiswang ke dimolekhule tse 4.
Potso ea 2
Ka lebaka la karabelo e latelang:
\[ 4 \text{Al} + 3 \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 2 \text{Al}_2\text{O}_3 \]
Haeba re qala ka li-mole tse 8 tsa Al le li-mole tse 4 tsa \( \text{O}_2 \), fumana hore na reagent e fokotsang ke li-mole tse kae le hore na li-mole tse kae tsa \( \text{Al}_2\text{O}_3 \) li hlahisoa.
Puisano:
1. Ngola le ho leka-lekanya di-equation tsa dikhemikhale:
\[ 4 \text{Al} + 3 \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 2 \text{Al}_2\text{O}_3 \]
2. Bala palo ea li-moles tsa reactant ka 'ngoe:
– \( \text{Al} \) = 8 mol
– \( \text{O}_2 \) = 4 mol
3. Sebelisa stoichiometry ho fumana hore na sehlahisoa se ka hlahisoa ke reactant ka 'ngoe ke bokae:
– Ho tloha ho limole tse 8 tsa Al:
\[ \text{Amount } \text{Al}_2\text{O}_3 \text{ e ka bopjwang} = 8 \text{ mol Al} \times \frac{2 \text{ mol } \text{Al}_2\text{O}_3}{4 \text{ mol Al}} = 4 \text{ mol } \text{ Al}_2\text{O}_3 \]
– Ho tloha ho dimolekhule tse 4 tsa \( \text{O}_2 \):
\[ \text{Amount } \text{Al}_2\text{O}_3 \text{ e ka bopjwang} = 4 \text{ mol } \text{O}_2 \times \frac{2 \text{ mol } \text{Al}_2\text{O}_3}{3 \text{ mol } \text{O}_2} = 2.67 \text{ mol } \text{Al}_2\text{O}_3 \]
4. Sesebediswa se hlahisang sehlahiswa se senyenyane ka ho fetisisa ke \( \text{O}_2 \). Kahoo, \( \text{O}_2 \) ke sesebediswa se fokotsang, mme palo ya \( \text{Al}_2\text{O}_3 \) e ka hlahiswang ke 2.67 mol.
Potso ea 3
Ka lebaka la karabelo e latelang:
\[ \text{N}_2 + 3\text{H}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{NH}_3 \]
Haeba re qala ka 6 mol \( \text{N}_2 \) le 18 mol \( \text{H}_2 \), fumana reagent e fokotsang le hore na ho hlahisoa limole tse kae tsa \( \text{NH}_3 \).
Puisano:
1. Ngola le ho leka-lekanya dikarabelo tsa dikhemikhale:
\[ \text{N}_2 + 3\text{H}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{NH}_3 \]
2. Bala palo ea li-moles tsa reactant ka 'ngoe:
– \( \mongolo{N}_2 \) = 6 mol
– \( \mongolo{H}_2 \) = 18 mol
3. Sebelisa stoichiometry ho fumana hore na sehlahisoa se ka hlahisoa ke reactant ka 'ngoe ke bokae:
– Ho tloha ho li-mole tse 6 \( \text{N}_2 \):
\[ \text{Amount } \text{NH}_3 \text{ e ka bopjwang} = 6 \text{ mol } \text{N}_2 \times \frac{2 \text{ mol } \text{NH}_3}{1 \text{ mol } \text{N}_2} = 12 \text{ mol } \text{NH}_3 \]
– Ho tloha ho 18 mol \( \text{H}_2 \):
\[ \text{Amount } \text{NH}_3 \text{ e ka bopjwang} = 18 \text{ mol } \text{H}_2 \times \frac{2 \text{ mol } \text{NH}_3}{3 \text{ mol } \text{H}_2} = 12 \text{ mol } \text{NH}_3 \]
4. Palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea sehlahisoa se hlahisoang e tšoana ho tsoa ho li-reactants ka bobeli, empa ka khopolo-taba palo e lekanyelitsoeng ea sehlahisoa ke \( \text{H}_2 \), e le hore \( \text{H}_2 \) e be reactant e fokotsang.
Qetello
Khopolo ea ho fokotsa reagent ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho utloisisa likarabelo tsa lik'hemik'hale. E thusa ho bolela esale pele katleho ea karabelo le bongata ba sehlahisoa se hlahisoang. Litšebelisong tsa indasteri, ho utloisisa le ho khetholla li-reagent tse fokotsang ke habohlokoa bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa tšebeliso ea thepa e tala le ho fokotsa litšila.
Sehloohong sena, ho hlahisitsoe mehlala ea mathata le lipuisano ho thusa babali ho utloisisa mehato ea ho khetholla reagent e fokotsang. Ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng le kutloisiso e ntle, khopolo ena e ka sebelisoa ho mefuta e mengata ea lik'hemik'hale tse rarahaneng.
