Mohlala oa Lipotso Tse Buang ka Sekhahla sa Karabelo
Sekhahla sa karabelo ke mohopolo oa motheo k'hemistri o bapalang karolo ea bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, tsa indasteri le tsa letsatsi le letsatsi. Sehloohong sena, re tla hlalosa mohopolo oa sekhahla sa karabelo ka botebo, re fane ka mehlala le lipuisano tse qaqileng ho netefatsa hore babali ba o utloisisa hantle.
Ho Utloisisa Sekhahla sa Karabelo
Sekgahla sa karabelo se hlaloswa e le phetoho ya mahloriso a reactant kapa sehlahiswa ka yuniti nako. Ka equation e bonolo, sekgahla sa karabelo se ka ngolwa tjena:
\[ \text{Reaction Rate} = \frac{\Delta \text{[Concentration]}}{\Delta t} \]
Hangata mahloriso a lekanngoa ka li-moles ka litara (M) 'me nako hangata e ba ka metsotsoana (s). Kahoo, li-unit tsa sekhahla sa karabelo hangata ke M/s.
Mabaka a Amang Sekhahla sa Karabelo
Lintlha tse latelang ke tse ling tse susumetsang sekhahla sa karabelo:
1. Ho tetebela ha Di-reactant: Ho eketsa ho tetebela ha di-reactant hangata ho eketsa sekgahla sa karabelo.
2. Mocheso: Hangata mocheso o ntseng o eketseha o potlakisa sekhahla sa karabelo.
3. Sebaka sa Bokaholimo: Ha sebaka se le seholo se fumaneha, sekhahla sa karabelo se potlaka.
4. Sesebediswa sa ho tjhesa: Disebediswa tsa ho tjhesa di potlakisa lebelo la karabelo ntle le ho etsa diphetoho tse sa feleng.
5. Kgatelelo: Bakeng sa dikarabelo tse amanang le dikgase, kgatelelo e ntseng e eketseha hangata e eketsa sekgahla sa karabelo.
Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano
Mohlala oa Potso ea 1
Karabelo pakeng tsa sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) le hydrochloric acid (HCl) ke e latelang:
\[ \text{Na}_2\text{S}_2\text{O}_3 + 2 \text{HCl} \rightarrow 2 \text{NaCl} + \text{S} + \text{SO}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
Tekong, mahloriso a sodium thiosulfate a fetoha ho tloha ho 0,10 M ho isa ho 0,05 M ka metsotsoana e 30. Bala sekhahla se tloaelehileng sa karabelo!
Puisano
Sekhahla se tloaelehileng sa karabelo se ka baloa ho sebelisoa foromo:
\[ \text{Reaction Rate} = -\frac{\Delta \text{[Na}_2\text{S}_2\text{O}_3\text{]}}{\Delta t} \]
Kenya boleng bo fanoeng sebakeng sa foromo:
\[ \Delta \text{[Na}_2\text{S}_2\text{O}_3\text{]} = 0,05 \text{M} – 0,10 \text{M} = -0,05 \text{M} \]
\[ \Delta t = 30 \mongolo{s} \]
Kahoo,
\[ \text{Reaction Rate} = -\left(\frac{-0,05 \text{ M}}{30 \text{ s}}\right) = \frac{0,05 \text{ M}}{30 \text{ s}} = 0,00167 \text{ M/s} \]
Kahoo, sekhahla se tloaelehileng sa karabelo ke 0,00167 M/s.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 2
Karabelong, sekhahla sa karabelo se fanoa ke equation ea sekhahla:
\[ \text{Rate} = k [A]^m [B]^n \]
Ho tsoa tekong, lintlha tse latelang li fumanoe:
| Teko | [A] (M) | [B] (M) | Sekhahla sa Karabelo (M/s) |
|————–|————|———————-|
| 1 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 2.0 × 10^-3 |
| 2 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 8.0 × 10^-3 |
| 3 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 2.0 × 10^-3 |
Fumana ditaelo tsa karabelo m le n mme o bale boleng ba sekhahla se sa fetoheng, k.
Puisano
Ho Fumana Tatelano ea Karabelo \( m \) le \( n \):
1. Ho tsoa Litekong tsa 1 le 2:
\[ \frac{\text{Rate}_2}{\text{Rate}_1} = \frac{k [A]_2^m [B]_2^n}{k [A]_1^m [B]_1^n} \]
\[ \frac{8.0 \times 10^{-3}}{2.0 \times 10^{-3}} = \frac{(0.20)^m (0.10)^n}{(0.10)^m (0.10)^n} \]
\[ 4 = (2)^m \]
Kahoo, \( m = 2 \).
2. Ho tsoa Litekong tsa 1 le 3:
\[ \frac{\text{Rate}_3}{\text{Rate}_1} = \frac{k [A]_3^m [B]_3^n}{k [A]_1^m [B]_1^n} \]
\[ \frac{2.0 \times 10^{-3}}{2.0 \times 10^{-3}} = \frac{(0.10)^m (0.20)^n}{(0.10)^m (0.10)^n} \]
\[ 1 = (2)^n \]
Kahoo, \( n = 0 \).
Kahoo, tatellano ea karabelo mabapi le A ke 2 'me mabapi le B ke 0.
Ho bala Boleng bo sa Feleng ba Sekhahla \( k \):
Ho sebelisa lintlha tse tsoang tekong ea 1:
\[ \text{Rate} = k [A]^m [B]^n \]
\[ 2.0 \makgetlo a 10^{-3} = k (0.10)^2 (0.10)^0 \]
\[ 2.0 \makgetlo a 10^{-3} = k (0.01) \]
\[ k = \frac{2.0 \makgetlo a 10^{-3}}{0.01} \]
k = 0.20
Kahoo, sekhahla se sa fetoheng \( k \) ke 0.20 M^{-1} s^{-1}.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 3
Karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale e latela mokhoa o latelang:
\[ \text{Reaction 1: } \text{A} \rightarrow \text{B} \quad (k_1 = 1.0 \, \text{s}^{-1}) \]
\[ \text{Reaction 2: } \text{B} \rightarrow \text{C} \quad (k_2 = 0.1 \, \text{s}^{-1}) \]
Haeba qalong mahloriso a A e le 1 M mme B e le 0, fumana mahloriso a A le B kamora metsotsoana e 5.
Puisano
Re sebelisa molao oa sekhahla sa karabelo, re na le:
Karabelo ea 1: A ho isa ho B
\[ [A] = [A]_0 e^{-k_1 t} \]
\[ [A] = 1 \mongolo{ M} \times e^{-1.0 \mongolo{ s}^{-1} \times 5 \mongolo{ s}} \]
\[ [A] = e^{-5} \mongolo{ M} \]
Karabelo ea 2: B ho ea ho C
\[ \frac{d[B]}{dt} = k_1 [A] – k_2 [B] \]
\[ \frac{d[B]}{dt} = 1.0 \text{s}^{-1} \times [A] – 0.1 \text{s}^{-1} \times [B] \]
Ho sebelisoa tharollo ea tlhahlobo kapa ea lipalo ea equation ena e fapaneng (hangata mokhoa oa Euler kapa Runge-Kutta):
\[ [B] \hoo e ka bang 0.316 \mongolo{ M} \]
Kahoo, kamora metsotsoana e 5, mahloriso a A a ka ba \( e^{-5} \text{ M} \) mme mahloriso a B a ka ba 0.316 M.
Qetello
Sekgahla sa karabelo ke taba ya bohlokwa k'hemistri, e bontshang sekgahla seo mahloriso a di-reactant a fetohang ho sona ho ba dihlahiswa. Mehlaleng ya mathata a ka hodimo, re buisane ka mokhoa wa ho bala sekgahla se tloaelehileng sa karabelo, ho fumana tatellano ya karabelo, le ho bala sekgahla sa karabelo se sa fetoheng. Ho utlwisisa mehopolo ena ho re dumella ho e sebedisa maemong a fapaneng a sebetsang, ka bobedi laboratoring le ditsamaisong tsa indasteri.
