Mohlala oa Lipotso tsa Puisano ea Infrared
Pendahuluan
Infrared ke mofuta oa leqhubu la motlakase le nang le bolelele ba leqhubu bo bolelele ho feta khanya e bonahalang empa bo le bokhutšoanyane ho feta maqhubu a seea-le-moea. Maqhubu a infrared a na le mefuta e mengata ea lits'ebetso, ho tloha theknoloji le bongaka ho isa ho puisano le ts'ireletso. Sehloohong sena, re tla tšohla mehlala e 'maloa ea mathata a amanang le infrared le litlhaloso tsa ona ho fana ka kutloisiso e tebileng ea mohopolo ona.
Khopolo-taba ea Motheo ea Infrared
Infrared e na le bolelele ba leqhubu bo tlohang ho 700 nanometers (nm) ho isa ho 1 millimeter (mm). Bolelele bona ba leqhubu bo ile ba sibolloa ke William Herschel ka 1800 ha a ntse a etsa liteko tsa ho lekanya mocheso oa mebala e fapaneng ho spectrum ea leseli. O fumane hore libaka tse ka ntle ho spectrum e khubelu, tse sa bonahaleng mahlong a motho, li hlile li na le mocheso o phahameng.
Infrared e arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e 'maloa ho latela bolelele ba eona ba maqhubu:
1. Near-Infrared (NIR): 700 nm – 1.4 µm
2. Infrared e Mahareng (Infrared e Bohareng, MIR): 1.4 µm – 3 µm
3. Infrared e hole (FIR): 3 µm – 1 mm
Disebediswa tse kang dikhamera tsa infrared kapa thermography, ditaolo tsa remote, le puisano ya fiber-optic di sebedisa theknoloji ya infrared bakeng sa merero e fapaneng. Lesedi la infrared le ka boela la sebediswa ho sekaseka sebopeho sa thepa ka ho sebedisa infrared spectroscopy.
Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano
Potso ea 1
Potso:
Remote ea TV e sebelisa infrared ho fetisetsa matšoao ho TV. Haeba bolelele ba leqhubu la infrared bo sebelisitsoeng e le 950 nm 'me lebelo la khanya e le \(3 \makhetlo a 10^8 \) m/s, maqhubu a leqhubu la infrared ke afe?
Puisano:
Maqhubu a maqhubu a motlakase a ka balwa ho sebediswa foromo ya motheo ya kamano pakeng tsa bolelele ba wavelength (\(\lambda\)) le maqhubu (f):
\[ f = \frac{c}{\lambda} \]
ka:
– \( f \) = maqhubu (Hz)
– \( c \) = lebelo la khanya (\(3 \makgetlo a 10^8 \) m/s)
– \( \lambda \) = bolelele ba leqhubu (m)
Potsong ena, bolelele ba leqhubu (\(\lambda\)) bo fanoe ka li-nanometer (nm), kahoo phetoho ho limithara (m) ea hlokahala:
\[ 950 \, nm = 950 \makgetlo a 10^{-9} \, m \]
Jwale re nkela boleng bona sebaka ka foromo:
\[ f = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \, m/s}{950 \times 10^{-9} \, m} = 3.16 \times 10^{14} Hz \]
Kahoo, maqhubu a leqhubu la infrared ke \(3.16 \times 10^{14} \) Hz.
Potso ea 2
Potso:
Khamera ea infrared e sebelisoa ho lemoha mahlaseli a mocheso a tsoang nthong. Khamera e na le sesebelisoa se lemohang maqhubu a maqhubu a pakeng tsa li-micrometer tse 8 (µm) le 14 µm. Ke maqhubu afe a mahlaseli ao khamera e ka a lemohang?
Puisano:
Ho bala maqhubu a phahameng le a bonyane, re sebelisa foromo e tšoanang le potsong e fetileng:
\[ f = \frac{c}{\lambda} \]
Sa pele, fetola bolelele ba leqhubu ho tloha ho di-micrometer (µm) ho ya ho di-meter (m):
\[ 8 \, µm = 8 \makgetlo a 10^{-6} \, m \]
\[ 14 \, µm = 14 \makgetlo a 10^{-6} \, m \]
Jwale bala maqhubu a hodimo (\( f_{max} \)) le maqhubu a bonyane (\( f_{min} \)):
\[ f_{max} = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \, m/s}{8 \times 10^{-6} \, m} = 3.75 \times 10^{13} Hz \]
\[ f_{min} = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \, m/s}{14 \times 10^{-6} \, m} = 2.14 \times 10^{13} Hz \]
Kahoo, mefuta ya maqhubu a ka lemohuwang ke khamera ya infrared ke \(2.14 \times 10^{13} \) Hz ho isa \(3.75 \times 10^{13} \) Hz.
Potso ea 3
Potso:
Ntho e ntša mahlaseli a infrared ka matla a phahameng ka ho fetisisa ka bolelele ba leqhubu la 10 µm. Ho latela molao oa ho falla ha Wien, fumana mocheso oa ntho eo. Sebelisa kamehla ea Wien (\(b\)) ea \(2.898 \times 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K\).
Puisano:
Molao oa ho falla oa Wien o bolela hore sehlahisoa sa bolelele ba leqhubu leo matla a mahlaseli a phahameng ka ho fetisisa a hlahang ho lona (\(\lambda_{max}\)) le mocheso o felletseng (T) oa ntho ke ntho e sa fetoheng:
\[ \lambda_{max} \cdot T = b \]
ka:
– \(\lambda_{max}\) = bolelele ba leqhubu la matla a maholo (m)
– T = mocheso oa ntho (K)
– \(b\) = Nako e sa fetoheng ya Wien (\(2.898 \makgetlo a 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K\))
Hoa tsebahala hore \(\lambda_{max}\) ke 10 µm, e hlokang ho fetoloa ho ba limithara:
\[ 10 \, µm = 10 \makgetlo a 10^{-6} \, m \]
Joale kenya litekanyetso tsena sebakeng sa foromo:
\[ 10 \ka makhetlo a 10^{-6} \, m \cdot T = 2.898 \ka makhetlo a 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K \]
Tharollo bakeng sa T ke:
\[ T = \frac{2.898 \times 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K}{10 \times 10^{-6} \, m} = 289.8 \, K \]
Kahoo, mocheso oa ntho ke 289.8 K.
Potso ea 4
Potso:
U bona sekgahla sa infrared sa motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale tsa tlhaho 'me u fumana tlhoro ea monya ho 3 µm. Haeba u ne u sebelisa infrared spectroscopy, ke mofuta ofe oa tlamo ea lik'hemik'hale o ka bang le boikarabello ba tlhoro ena?
Puisano:
Sebopeho sa mahlaseli a infrared se sebelisa taba ea hore limolek'hule tsa lik'hemik'hale li monya maqhubu a infrared maqhubung a itseng a maqhubu a tsamaellanang le maqhubu a ka hare a ho thothomela ha limolek'hule. Maqhubu a itseng a infrared a ka amahanngoa le mefuta e itseng ea litlamo tsa lik'hemik'hale:
– Ditlamo tsa CH metswakong ya tlhaho hangata di monya maqhubung a bolelele ba 3 µm.
– Ditlamo tsa OH ka hara di-alcohol le di-carboxylic acid hangata di monya ka 2.7-3.5 µm.
– Ditlamo tsa NH ka hara di-amine hangata di monya ho tloha ho 3.1 ho isa ho 3.3 µm.
Ho latela tlhahisoleseding e fanoeng, tlhoro ea monya ea 3 µm e ka etsahala haholo ka lebaka la ho thothomela ha CH.
Kahoo, mohlomong se ikarabellang bakeng sa tlhoro ea monya ho 3 µm ke tlamo ea CH ka har'a motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale tsa tlhaho.
Qetello
Sehloohong sena, re buisane ka mathata a 'maloa a mehlala le lipuisano tse amanang le maqhubu a infrared. Ka mehlala ena, re ka utloisisa haholoanyane likhopolo tsa motheo tsa maqhubu, bolelele ba leqhubu le mocheso moelelong oa mahlaseli a infrared, hammoho le ts'ebeliso ea tsona ho spectroscopy. Infrared ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea spectrum ea electromagnetic 'me e na le lits'ebetso tse ngata masimong a fapaneng, kahoo ho ithuta eona ho ka fana ka temohisiso e molemo mabapi le liketsahalo tsa tlhaho le theknoloji.
