Mehlala ea lipotso mabapi le Hydrocarbons
Pendahuluan
Li-hydrocarbon ke metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale e entsoeng ka carbon (C) le haeterojene (H) feela. Ke likarolo tsa mantlha tsa peterole le khase ea tlhaho 'me li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa indasteri le lits'ebetsong tsa letsatsi le letsatsi. Li-hydrocarbon li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli tse kholo: aliphatic le aromatic. Metsoako ea aliphatic e arotsoe hape ka li-alkanes, li-alkenes le li-alkynes ho latela mofuta oa tlamo pakeng tsa li-carbon tse limolek'huleng tsa tsona. Sehloohong sena, re tla tšohla mehlala ea mathata a amanang le li-hydrocarbon le mokhoa oa ho a rarolla.
Potso ea 1: Tlhaloso le Mabitso a Li-hydrocarbon
Potso:
Hlalosa 'me u fane ka lebitso la IUPAC la metsoako e latelang ea hydrocarbon:
1. CH₄
2. C₂H₆
3. C₂H₄
4. C₃H₈
5. C₄H₁₀
6. C₂H₂
Karabo:
1. CH₄: Methane. Ena ke alkane e bonolo ka ho fetisisa e nang le athomo e le 'ngoe ea khabone le liathomo tse 'ne tsa haeterojene.
2. C₂H₆: Ethane. Ena ke alkane e nang le diathomo tse pedi tsa khabone le diathomo tse tsheletseng tsa haeterojene.
3. C₂H₄: Ethene (kapa ethylene). Ena ke alkene e nang le liathomo tse peli tsa khabone le liathomo tse 'ne tsa haedrojene, tse nang le tlamo e le 'ngoe e habeli.
4. C₃H₈: Propane. Ena ke alkane e nang le diathomo tse tharo tsa khabone le diathomo tse robedi tsa haeterojene.
5. C₄H₁₀ : Butane. Ena ke alkane e nang le liathomo tse 'ne tsa khabone le liathomo tse leshome tsa haeterojene.
6. C₂H₂: Ethyne (kapa acetylene). Ena ke alkyne e nang le liathomo tse peli tsa khabone le liathomo tse peli tsa haedrojene, tse nang le tlamo e le 'ngoe ea triple.
Potso ea 2: Li-Isomer tsa Butane
Potso:
Fumana le ho hlalosa li-isomer tsa sebopeho sa butane (C₄H₁₀).
Karabo:
Butane e na le li-isomer tse peli tsa sebopeho:
1. n-Butane: CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ (ketane e otlolohileng).
2. Isobutane (2-methylpropane):
``
CH₃
|
CH₃-C-CH₃
|
H
``
Isomer ea pele, n-butane, e na le ketane e otlolohileng ea khabone, ha isomer ea bobeli, isobutane, e na le makala a nang le athomo e le 'ngoe ea khabone e bohareng e hokahaneng le liathomo tse ling tse tharo tsa khabone.
Potso ea 3: Karabelo ea ho Chesoa ha Propane
Potso:
Ngola karabelo e phethahetseng ea ho tuka ha propane (C₃H₈).
Karabo:
Ho cha ka ho feletseng ha li-hydrocarbon ho hlahisa carbon dioxide (CO₂) le metsi (H₂O). Karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale ke:
\[ C₃H₈ + 5O₂ \motsu o letona 3CO₂ + 4H₂O \]
Karabelong ena ea ho tuka, molek'hule e le 'ngoe ea propane e arabela le limolek'hule tse hlano tsa oksijene ho hlahisa limolek'hule tse tharo tsa carbon dioxide le limolek'hule tse 'ne tsa metsi.
Potso ea 4: Li-orbitale tse kopantsoeng ho Ethene
Potso:
Hlalosa mefuta ea li-orbital tsa hybridization tse hlahang liathomong tsa carbon ka har'a ethene e kopaneng (C₂H₄).
Karabo:
Ho ethene, athomo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea khabone e feta ho kopanngoa ha sp². Ho kopanngoa hona ho kopanya orbital e le 'ngoe ea s le li-orbital tse peli tsa p ho etsa li-orbital tse tharo tsa sp² tse kopantsoeng. Orbital e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea hybrid ea sp² e etsa tlamo ea sigma le athomo ea haedrojene kapa athomo e 'ngoe ea khabone, ha li-orbital tse sa sebelisoang tsa p li kopana ka mahlakoreng ho etsa litlamo tsa pi. Kabo ena e fella ka sebopeho se nang le tlamo e le 'ngoe e habeli pakeng tsa li-carbon.
Potso ea 5: Tlhaloso ea Li-hydrocarbon tse nkhang hamonate
Potso:
Na benzene ke hydrocarbon e nkhang hamonate? Hlalosa litšobotsi tsa hydrocarbon e nkhang hamonate.
Karabo:
E, benzene (C₆H₆) ke mohlala o tloaelehileng oa hydrocarbon e nkhang hamonate. Litšobotsi tsa hydrocarbon e nkhang hamonate li kenyelletsa:
1. Sebopeho sa lesale: Benzene e na le sebopeho sa lesale la mahlakore a tsheletseng le diathomo tse tsheletseng tsa khabone.
2. Kopano: Lielektrone tsa π tse molek'huleng ea benzene li aroloa holim'a lesale lohle, e leng se etsang hore ho be le sistimi e felletseng ea π.
3. Ho Tsitsisa ho Resonance: Benzene e bonts'a botsitso bo phahameng ka lebaka la ho thothomela, moo dibonto tse pedi le tse le nngwe di fapanyetsanang empa ka katleho dielektrone di ajwa ka ho lekana ho pholletsa le lesale.
4. ho kopanya sp²: Athomo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea khabone ka har'a lesale la benzene e feta ho kopanya sp².
5. Dikhutlo tsa Tlamo: Dikhutlo tsohle tsa tlamo tsa CCC ho benzene di 120°, di tsamaellana le sebopeho sa trigonal planar se hlahiswang ke sp² hybridization.
Potso ea 6: Likarabelo tsa ho Eketsoa ha Li-Alkenes
Potso:
Hlalosa mokhoa oa karabelo oa ho eketsa bromine (Br₂) ho ethene (C₂H₄).
Karabo:
Mokhoa oa karabelo ea ho eketsa bromine ho ethene ke o latelang:
1. Qalo: Molek'hule ea bromine (Br₂) e atamela tlamo e habeli ea ethene. Lielektrone tsa π tsa tlamo e habeli li sutumelletsa para ea lielektrone tlamo ea bromine, kahoo bromine e a arohana.
2. Sebopeho sa Dikarolo tse Mahareng: Dielektrone tsa π tse tswang ho alkene bond di hlasela e nngwe ya diathomo tsa bromine, di etsa khabohaetere ya nakwana mme di hlahisa karolo e mahareng ya bromonium ion complex.
3. Tharollo: Bromide (Br⁻) e bopilweng nakong ya tshebetso ya ho qala e hlasela khabohaedreite ya bromonium complex ho tloha ka lehlakoreng le leng (sebaka se utlwahalang), hoo tlamo ya pi ya tlamo e habeli e fokotswang ho ba tlamo ya sigma ya tlamo e le nngwe.
Sehlahisoa sa ho qetela ke 1,2-dibromoethane (C₂H₄Br₂):
\[ C₂H₄ + Br₂ \motsu o nepahetseng C₂H₄Br₂ \]
Qetello
Puisano ea li-hydrocarbon e akaretsa likarolo tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le ho khetholla le ho reha metsoako, isomerism, lik'hemik'hale le sebopeho sa limolek'hule. Kutloisiso e tiileng ea likhopolo tsena e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ithuta k'hemistri ea lintho tse phelang le ts'ebeliso ea eona indastering le bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka ho ikoetlisa ho tsoelang pele le ho rarolla mathata, re ka utloisisa hamolemo boitšoaro le litšobotsi tsa li-hydrocarbon. Re tšepa hore mehlala ena ea mathata le lipuisano li thusitse ho hlakisa likhopolo tsa motheo tsa li-hydrocarbon.
